Who is to Blame in Romeo and Juliet Essay - 987 Words

Who to Blame for the Deaths of Romeo and Juliet The deaths of Romeo and Juliet didnt really need to happen, as it wasnt them, but the people around them that were fighting and disagreeing. Romeo and Juliet did their best to keep out of the violence but the people around them such as family friends and the local community that were making them unhappy. Romeo is a young teenager of the Montague Household, who falls in love with Juliet, a Capulet whose family are ancient enemies of the Montagues. He likes to blame misfortune for everything that goes wrong after he kills Tybalt, he then realises how serious his actions were but prefers to blame fate rather than himself. O, I am fortunes†¦show more content†¦The orchard walls are high and hard to climb and the place death considering who thou art (Act Sc3) She thinks differently from Romeo in that she doesnt blame fate for the things that go wrong, she blames her birth as a Capulet. Prodigious birth of love is to me, That I must love a loathed enemy, (Act 1 Sc 5) Whereas Romeo had Friar Laurence and friends to advise him, Juliet has to make all her own decisions, with the nurse offering little or no help at all. Romeos parents seem very loving but Juliets parents, especially Lady Capulet seem very cold hearted, they force her into marrying Paris giving her no choices She shall be married to this noble earl (Act 3 Sc 4) Juliet visits Friar Laurence and is happy with his plans for her and Romeo because she was unhappy and upset about marrying Paris. Oh bid me leap, rather than marry Paris, From the battlements of any tower (Act 4 Sc 1) Friar Laurences plans for Romeo and Juliet were that Juliet was to take a sleeping potion to make her appear dead. On her wedding day she would be carried to the Capulet vault. Meanwhile after having received a letter from Friar John, Romeo would return to Verona from Mantua and would be with Juliet when she wakes up. The Friar has good intentions but is persuaded to makeShow MoreRelatedRomeo and Juliet Who Is to Blame778 Words   |  4 PagesRomeo and Juliet essay The story of Romeo and Juliet is the best tragedy ever to be written. The tale of two adolescents taking their lives because of their love for one another has inspired a lot of controversy as to whether the adults surrounding these adolescents could have done something to prevent this tragedy. The truth is the adults in the situation are ultimately to blame for the deaths of their love struck teens. This essay will explain why Friar Laurence, Nurse and to a lesser extentRead MoreWho is to Blame in Romeo and Juliet? Essay933 Words   |  4 Pagespair of star crossed lovers take their life’ 1.2.chorus. Romeo and Juliet, a very famous play written by William Shakespeare, is filled with nearly every powerful emotion imaginable, love, lust, hate, desire, spite, joy, happiness, depression, adoration, anger, vengeance and so many more. The tragic deaths of Romeo Montague and Juliet Capulet were brought about by how the people around them and they themselves dealt with these emotion s. Blame is defined in the dictionary as to feel or declare thatRead MoreWho is to Blame in Romeo and Juliet? Essay2468 Words   |  10 PagesRomeo and Juliet is set in Verona. They are two star crossed lovers from two different families who have been feuding for generations. This is apparent in the line â€Å"The quarrel is between our masters and us their men†. This demonstrates that the play is destined to result in tragedy. The effect that is created on the audience is that the families have been fighting constantly for many years and that it has been passed down from generations to generations. The Montague’s and Capulet’s ancestorsRead MoreRomeo and Juliet: Who is to Blame? Essay587 Words   |  3 Pagesbrings love and affection, but when taken to the extreme, it can lead to tragedy and despair. Among the great literary tragedies, Romeo and Juliet may be the most famous of them all. The eternal feud between the Montegues and Capulets prohibits the love of Romeo and Juliet and ultimately results in their unfortunate deaths. It may be difficult to truly determine who is to blame for the tragedy, because their lives had been influenced, criticized, and controlled by many figures. Among the most importantRead MoreWho Is Blame For The Tragedy Of Romeo And Juliet?1273 Words   |  6 PagesWho to Blame for the Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet? What causes people to believe in fate? Fate is like a powerful force that cannot be controlled by anyone. Romeo and Juliet, the two lovers were victims of fate or destiny. Romeo and Juliet saw each other, and they loved each other immediately after 5 minutes, but their families were enemies because they always fight with each other. Romeo and Juliet were victims of the environmental factors, the authority figures, and by their own mistakes. All ofRead MoreWho Is Most to Blame for the Deaths of Romeo and Juliet?2905 Words   |  12 PagesWho was the greatest contributor to the death of Romeo and Juliet? In this essay I will be writing about William Shakespeare’s play Romeo and Juliet, I will be doing an in-depth analysis as to who I think is most to blame for the sad eventual deaths of Romeo and Juliet, analysing each character in detail. First, let’s start with the general storyline. It is fourteenth century Verona, an Italian city. Two families, the Capulet’s and Montague’s, have been feuding for centuries, the reason for thisRead MoreThe Death of Romeo and Juliet and Who is to Blame Essay examples1376 Words   |  6 PagesThe Death of Romeo and Juliet and Who is to Blame Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy by William Shakespeare, in which a young boy and girl fall in love and commit suicide. They come from 2 different families which have a deadly feud against one another. Romeo goes to a masked ball at the Capulets household where he falls in love with Juliet. He then proposes to her after the party in secret at Juliets balcony. Romeo then arranges a secret weeding with Friar Lawrence andRead MoreWho to Blame in Romeo and Juliet ´s Death? Essay698 Words   |  3 Pagesresponsible for the two lovely lover-Romeo and Juliet’s death? In my opinion, there is no one particular person to really blame on their death. However, it is every single person are should be blamed for the deaths of both Romeo and Juliet. If I was answering the question of who were the few most responsible people for their tragedy-it would be three people. Because of people’s decision and different point of view, the people most responsible for the deaths of Romeo and Juliet are Lady Capulet, Nurse, andRead MoreWho Was to Blame for the Deaths of Romeo and Juliet? Essay2019 Words   |  9 PagesWho was to blame for the deaths of Romeo and Juliet? In this essay I will be exploring the reasons as to why some people would argue that a certain person or people are to blame for the deaths of Romeo and Juliet. I will show understanding of the plot, character and themes and Shakesperes use of language and dramatic devices within the play. Firstly, some people believe that the parents of Romeo and Juliet were to blame for their deaths because of the ongoing feud between the two families. TheRead MoreThe Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet: Who Is to Blame for Their Deaths?1460 Words   |  6 Pagesand critically acclaimed of Shakespeares plays has to be Romeo and Juliet, a romantic tragedy concerning the fate of two young star-crossed lovers (Prologue, l. 6). The play focuses on romantic love, specifically the intense passion that springs up at first sight between Romeo and Juliet and the deaths of the two characters because of their eternal love for each other. While there could be various reasons for the deaths of Romeo and Juliet, it is obvious that both the two households and significantly

Art And Advertising A Distinctive Type Of Imagery

While building brand identity through the development of a distinctive type of imagery, several major campaigns play down the product itself and develop strategies that were alien to advertising but familiar in art (Gibbons, 2005). Artist and Advertising business fundamentally have much in common and can contribute the more to society as they come to complement their talents. Each has within him the undying desire to create, to contribute something to the world, to leave his mark upon society. There is a mutually enriching relationship between art and advertising; they aid each other in the process of achieving its goals. Artists have incorporated tactics from advertising and have pushed boundaries. Advertisers have been inspired by art, particularly by fine art from the renaissance period with the advantage of saving the hassle of dealing with copy right constrains. Art and advertising are linked by creativity and affected by cultural codes. Symbolism has a strong influence in the ideas that are generated, which are a direct reflexion on the evolution and complexity of our knowledge base. As humans we are constantly seeking new ways to communicate to our peers, showcase our ideas in a way that transcends time (Cook 2013). It is important to mention that art can also be reserved for the view of its creator. For artists, the aim is not always to share the idea. Some artists produce pieces that are private and will only be contemplated by them, like a little sign of what isShow MoreRelatedBeano’s Cafe2395 Words   |  10 Pagesdrinks, as well as a wide variety of sandwiches, hot meals, and desserts. Beano’s Cafes aim is to offer its customers a convenient, relaxing place where they can purchase food and beverages of a high quality at an affordable price. The cafes have a distinctive layout and style which is achieved through a combination of contemporary design and warm colors that give them a pleasant atmosphere. 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Research Methodology Human Health and Life

Question: Describe about the Research Methodology for Human Health and Life. Answer: Introduction It is vital for the health care providers to preserve human health and life. However, death is inevitable. The role of the health care providers does not end rather is modified in situation where the patient recovery is hopeless. Pioneers such as Raymond Moody and Elisabeth Kubler-Ross in the west have addressed the subject of death and dying (Abolfathi et al., 2012). Their work showed that the nurses can ensure a peaceful death to the patient with unconditional love and enlightened attitude towards their profession (Lovering, 2012). The medical professionals need good understanding of the patient who is at the end of life care from psychological, social, cultural, medical, and spiritual point of view (Arritt, 2014). The end of life experiences is universal. However, the behaviour associated with grief or bereavement are culturally bound. In this world, different countries have societies that have become a rich melting pot of religions, cultures and ethnicities. Different cultures ha ve developed different ways to cope with the death and grief which are the normal life events (Galanti, 2014). Interfering with these respective cultural attitudes towards death may hamper an individuals ability to cope up with the grieving process. It is difficult for the health care providers to know and understand the mourning ceremonies and traditionsof each and every culture. However, gaining a basic concept of how different cultures prepare or respond to death is essential for the care providers. In order to deliver individualised, patient centered care nurses need a culturally diverse knowledge base (Qureshi, 2012). There are various countries in the world such as Malaysia, India, Nigeria and others, which accommodates multiple faiths. Therefore, the health care providers not only need to know the religious and cultural beliefs of the patient but also the rationale supporting them as it my greatly influence the care plan of the patient (Velayudhan, 2012). The paper particular ly focuses on the cultural attitudes of Hindus, Muslims, and Christians towards death in Malaysia. Cultural attitude of Muslims towards death in Malaysia and its impact on nursing profession When caring for the Muslim patients, the factors that influence the nursing practice are Muslims belief, faith and preferences during the dying process. Nurses need to take care of matter such as to ensure there is someone with the patient to prompt Shahadah (Arritt, 2014). It means bearing witness that Allah is true God and Muhammad is his servant. Nurses need to have knowledge of importance of Quran and ensure the patient with a person to recite the chapters of the holy book at the beside. Most important challenge for the nurses is to devise a care plan for Muslim patents in the holy month of Ramadan, which is the fasting month. It is highly challenging for nurses to care for diabetes patients in this month and hence they may devise nutrition plan that does not compromise the health (Velayudhan, 2012). According to Lovering (2012) many Muslims and the health care providers in Malaysia do not recognise the importance of the good death. Based on Islamic perspective it is explained th at the human dignity and privacy are respected and each on is treated as fundamental pillar of Shari'a. Muslims highly value the spiritual and emotional support. The nurses therefore must address the care needs expected of them since Muslims appreciate the importance of the access to the needed spiritual or emotional support. Avoiding this factor which are crucial for Muslims may create dissatisfaction among the patients and lead to loss of trust in the health care providers. It is challenging and stressful for the health care team to met specific demands of Muslims such as care from same sex caregiver. Thus, nurses must ensure male or female caregiver to honour their request. Nurses must be highly careful when it comes to contacting patient of opposite sex even if it is matter of making eye contact or shaking hands particular when dealing with the observant Muslims (Qureshi, 2012). The additional burden of cost on the health care team is due to provision of separate room for their rituals. The observant Muslims prefer to offer prayers five times a day and wash before, after meals, and before prayers. Thus, the health care team must be diligent in helping the patients to meet their spiritual needs. The team must ensure that of the procedures interfere with neither the treatments nor administration of medication. According to Farooqui et al. (2012) the Muslim patients may refuse medication containing pork products, gelatine, or alcohol. It is complex task for the nurses and physicians to provide full disclosure of medicines containing these ingredients so as to help patients in making informed decision. Rassool, (2014) highlighted that most people want a control over pain and others stressful symptoms. However, the Muslims patients perceive suffering as a punishment for ones sins. This belief and interpretation motivates the patient and the families to cope up with the disease. Harford and Aljawi (2013) argued that it does not belittle the fact the suffering should be relieved by making every single effort. It is a common cause of discomfort for the nurses in Malaysia to convince the Muslim patient to uptake a pain management. The patients deny the pain medication as they anticipate that by suffering more and showing high patient, they will receive more rewards form Allah and attain more purity. This leads nurses into dilemma as they have to respect the patients wishes to accept or refuse the medical intervention. Most nurses treating the Muslim patients face this dilemma inspite of the encouragement from Islamism to seek treatment. It greatly influences the nursing care plan as nur ses undergo mental conflict with the moral and the ethical dilemmas (Lovering, 2012). The study executed by Al-Jahdali et al., (2013) discussed that majority of the Muslim participants prefer to issue advance directives. It is the means to accept or refuse medical intervention. However, some medical staff are not aware of this preference. However, this system is underused in the several hospitals. It is suggested for hospitals to adopt the system off advance directives as it is widely accepted by the Muslims. It is a common practice in the Islamic and Arabic societies to contact the loved ones and relatives before death of a person. However, a physician or a nurse are to be given this suggestion when death of a patient is inevitable or is about to take a last breath. This standard practice is observed in west and in some cases the health care providers are required to demonstrate high level of sensitivity particularly when the visitors are exceeding the amount of space available. Rassool (2014) described that the Muslims do not consider their life to be pointless despite tremendous suffering. This is in contrast to most patients who opt to quit their life instead of prolonging with advanced technology pointlessly. The Muslims believe in the ultimate wisdom of Allah even when inflicted with serious disorder and tend to withdraw from life sustaining treatment. It emphasises the medical professionals to be honest with the patient specifically about the prognosis, and the details and explanations related to the Do Not Resuscitate orders. It may give reassurance to the patients and help them to feel more comfortable that the intervention will not be futile. Many Muslims perceive that the time of death is only known to Allah. However, Al-Jahdali et al. (2013) that many Muslims prefer to know how near the death is so that they can repent for their sins and seek forgiveness. The nurses and the physicians in this situation are required to provide less definitive answe rs to the patient and the family. The challenge for the nurses is to build good rapport with the patient and family. Most patients prefer to die in a holy place like Makkah or Mosque when given a choice. Nurses must respect the patients wishes. Nurses are requested by many patients to persuade their family for granting their wish. At this stage the nurses must be honest and open with them regarding the care goals. This eliminates the stress among the nurses and the family members as they do not have to feel guilty to let patients die out of the hospital (Galanti, 2014). Muslims pay great importance to the appearance and hygiene. They have strict principles related to self esteem and body image. Muslims belief in having good image in eyes of friends and relatives and tend to avoid deformities, post-mortem distortions, bad odors, septic wound, by maintaining continence. They prefer to maintain cleanliness such as having clean clothes, free of urine, vomit, stool, and want the health care providers to make their body appear normal after death (Harford Aljawi, 2013). It is stressful for health care providers as they need to take additional care keeping these factors in view. Nurses may put extra effort to meet these demands of patients and particularly pay more attention to appearance and hygiene. It creates additional burden as they may have to bath the patient more than the recommended times. To reduce the post-mortem disfigurement the health care providers must perform eye closing and jaw fixation immediately at the time of death (Abolfathi et al., 2012). These practices may affect other patients in the ward and hence nurses may assure them that it is common for all the Muslim patients in the hospital. The health care providers must be particular in regards to rites of washing, shrouding, and funeral prayers. Burial process should be followed as soon as possible. The major role for the health care team at this stage is timely documentation to prevent delay in funeral ceremonies (Rassool, 2014). During the time of death, nurses must be highly empathetic and the health care team must provide comprehensive care. The hospital must arrange for religious officer to address faith related concerns of relatives and ask additional queries to reduce their worries. It is challenging for the palliative care team to identify families having suboptimal resources, support them in bereavement and assure of economic support (Walpole et al., 2013). Cultural attitude of Hindus towards death in Malaysia and its impact on nursing profession Most Hindus in Malaysia come from western India. Since Hindus divide into different sects, there is a difference in their beliefs and philosophies. There is no standard form of worship to God as there hundred of deities (Ezat et al., 2014). The Hindu patients are highly concerned about modesty. They demand for same sex caregivers. Hindus prefer family members to nurses for basic physical care such as changing clothes, combing hair, and bathing. On the contrary, in Malaysian culture combing hair may is a heartfelt demonstration of care and love. They prefer same sex caregiver for repositioning. During complicated pregnancy cases husband may be asked to present while providing the genitourinary care due to close relationship between the husband and the patient. Nurses must be highly sensitive and avoid disregard of modesty. Nurses and the physicians in Malaysia must be aware of minute details such as using right hand for shaking with clients. Hindus mainly use the left hand for unclean tasks such as toileting (Badrolhisam Zakaria, 2012). Further, it is highly complicated for the nurses to communicate with the patients as most Hindus avoid communicating undeclared problems such as constipation. Therefore, nurses need to b e highly sensitive to understand the patients discomfort during end of life care (Ezat et al., 2014). During the time of crisis, it is common practice for the Hindus to practice fasting (Eriksson et al. 2013). Several Hindu patients refuse to intake pork or beef by-products particularly those patients who are strict vegetarians. It is complex task for the nurses and physicians to provide full disclosure of medicines containing these ingredients so as to help patients in making informed decision. Nurses may enter into dilemma when the patients deny eating egg, which is essential for them to have during particular illness. This may affect the care plan. Hence, the nurses must develop alternate nutritional plan that does not compromise the health of the patients due to fasting or having only vegetarian diet. According to David (2013), Hindus highly value physical purity and prefer to take bath twice daily anticipating it would render them spiritually and physically clean. In this condition, nurses may assist the patient with these rituals after highlighting the patient about the consequ ences of illness for example, excess bathing may not be beneficial in that given situation. Some Hindus prefer to extend their life when diagnosed with life threatening illness such as cancer for completing unfinished matters for their young children and family. On the other hand, there are Hindus who strictly believe in the law of karma. Therefore, they prefer to suffer assuming it is a punishment from God for their past sins. Therefore, when dealing with the Hindu patients, the key components of the palliative care or end of life care team is truthtelling and informed consent particularly in decisions related to artificial hydration and nutrition, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, intravenous infusion and oxygen administration (Abubakar, 2013). The observant Hindus prefer to die at home than at hospital therefore, it is necessary for the nurses to openly communicate the about the prognosis, and the details and explanations and take consent from the patient before initiating life sustaining treatment (Badrolhisam Zakaria, 2012). Although against the hospital norms or care standards, the nurses may have to allow the patients to lie on floor as it is ritual in Hinduism when patient is about to take last breath. According to the Hindu culture as many family member as possible may want to stay in the hospital before the patients death. Allowing accommodation for huge crowd leads nurses and care team into ethical and moral dilemma. Further, Hindu families prefer to perform last rites, which are known as Puja. They may wish to use lamps, incense or candles for praying. Nurses must consider this after ensuring that it may not lead to any accidents in the hospitals such fire or burn. Addressing these concerns is vital because it gi ve a deeper meaning and purpose to living and dying. Making this decision is often complicated for the nurses. Hindu patients prefer not to remove their religious adornments even in hospitals such as thread around wrist or neck without prior consent. During the end of life care nurses may have to provide for separate room or space for daily prayers and maintain privacy. Patients before death may prefer to have Tulsi leaves and water from Ganges as comfort. This process is known as Hindu sacraments or samskara and is considered to have practical utility. Hindus believe that these practices before death will help them get moksha meaning release from the cycle of birth, death and rebirth. (Tomkins et al., 2015). During the time of death the Hindus may prefer to have spiritual music or video or statue of the favourite God and a family member is requested near the patient for reciting the lines of the holy books Ramayana, Mahabharata and Bhagavad Gita . Therefore, it constitutes an integ ral part of the care associated with the dying people and the bereaved. Further, family demands to handover the dead body to wash and constantly attend to the deceased and accompany the body to the mortuary (Ezat et al., 2014). Just like in Hindu culture, the Malaysian nurses too must honour the wishes of the dead. The family want the non-Hindus to avoid touching the dead body. Therefore, use of gloves by the nurses may be appreciated. According to Galanti (2014), most Hindus object post mortems as they always cremate the body the very next day after death. On the other hand, there is objection when demanded by law. In order to complete all the rituals the health care team must return all the organs and remains. Cultural attitude of Christians towards death in Malaysia and its impact on nursing profession The Christians in Malaysia mainly visit from United States. Depending on the type of Christians there are different beliefs and attitudes towards death observed. When dealing with the Christian Scientist patients, the nurses faces challenge in convincing the patient to take treatment necessary before entering the end of life phase. According to Tiew et al. (2013) the Christian scientists the material world is the minds distorted view of reality. In terms of health care they recognise bacterial infections but belief the underlying cause to have a spiritual aspect. Hence, they oppose the medication, as they do not believe that it has no real power or value. Therefore, it is imperative for the nurses and the physicians to focus on treating the physical symptoms of the patient. In this situation, discussing about the cause and effect may only lead to contention between the nurses and the patient. Many patients favour prayer so much that they reject surgery. Some other patients prefer to receive medication and treatment in their house and visit hospital only when deemed necessary (Bonelli et al., 2012). During the end of life care, the Christian m ay prefer to keep a cross with themselves or under the bed. A family member or a church minister is requested near the patient to recite the lines from the holy book Bible. In depression, most Christians prefer pastoral counselling an spiritual programs (Ellis Wahab, 2013). The Christian Scientist patients strictly avoid tea, coffee and food containing caffeine and alcohol. On the other hand, the protestant Christian do not follow specific dietary requirements but choose to fast to gain spiritual strength. Hence, the nurses must develop alternate nutritional plan that does not compromise the health of the patients due to fasting (Bonelli et al., 2012). Christians belief that death is a transition to the spiritual realm. It is believed in Christianity that the after death people reach heaven to be with God. Hence, end of life care is a time of joy for the patients despite the sadness of going away from the loved ones. The church minister is allowed to visit the patient and the family and help the client prepare for death. Depending on the form of Christianity such as Presbyterian or Anglican, the customs vary (Vail et al., 2012). At the time of death, the Christians are more dependent on the church minister for comfort and assistance to cope up with the death and the funeral ceremonies. It is imperative for the nurses to allow the family to implement their choice and cooperate in the bereavement. Christian ceremonies related to burial or cremation are typically held at deceased persons church and conducted by the minister, but it could also be held at a funeral home. As the dead is laid in the casket the families and the friends get the last opportunity to say their last goodbyes before it i buried. The Christian Science do not have specific doctrine to the last rights upon death, mourning or burial. However, they prefer cremation to burial but is not prohibited. They do not prefer autopsies and do not believe in organ donation. Christian scientists consider unethical to donate their bodies to science (Jong et al., 2013). However, in some cases it is left upon the families to make decision. After burial the grave is marked with a gravestone to remember the deceased. In all the three religions, the attitude towards death is different therefore, nurses need to be culturally competent. It is difficult to go against the personal beliefs but they must refrain from imposing personal beliefs on the patients. They must avoid broaching the subject of religion in depth. In case a nurse is finding very difficult in assisting patients with procedure that is violating personal beliefs she may request the concerning physician for alternate assignment. They need to be highly collaborative with the families and the health care team to make decisions that are observant of both medical needs and religious preferences (Arritt, 2014). Conclusion It is difficult for the nurses and other care providers to deliver culturally sensitive end-of-life care or bereavement. For medical professionals this is an issue of high discomfort. Patients and families need guidance, advice and compassion from the doctors and nurses. However, the realities of a given situation include a press for time and result in both emotional and physical exhaustion. When nurses have to make critical decision they may fail to express sensitivity and warmth. The paper has implications for practioners for both practice and education. The health care providers must respect the needs of the patients belonging to diverse culture regardless of their personal believes. The health care practioners in Malaysia must have a self-awareness to recognise the diversity between the themselves and their patients. They must exhibit curiosity and openness to learn. It is vital to explore and understand the way families and the patient with to be treated before, during and after death. Merely interpreting the actions and wishes of the patients through own understanding may lead to error in the care plan. The cultural practices may not be significant in every individuals life however; these practices, rituals and beliefs take a vital place when a life threatening illness strikes or facing death. Therefore, it is imperative to understand the meaning of care to the dying patient for delivering individualised palliative care. In conclusion, the hospitals, hospices and the nursing homes must provide training and education to the nurses to address multicultural issues and deliver culturally congruent care. References Abolfathi Momtaz, Y., Hamid, T. A., Ibrahim, R., Yahaya, N., Abdullah, S. S. (2012). Moderating effect of Islamic religiosity on the relationship between chronic medical conditions and psychological well?being among elderly Malays.Psychogeriatrics,12(1), 43-53. Abubakar, I. (2013). The religious tolerance in Malaysia: an exposition.Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences,7(1), 90-97. Al-Jahdali, H., Baharoon, S., Al Sayyari, A., Al-Ahmad, G. (2013). Advance medical directives: a proposed new approach and terminology from an Islamic perspective.Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy,16(2), 163-169. Arritt, T. (2014). Caring for... Patients of different religions.Nursing made Incredibly Easy,12(6), 38-45. Badrolhisam, N. I., Zakaria, Z. (2012). Knowledge, Religious Beliefs and Perception towards Organ Donation from Death Row Prisoners from the Prespective of Patiens and Non-Patients in Malaysia: A Preliminary Study.International Journal of Humanities and Social Science,2(24), 197-206. Bonelli, R., Dew, R. E., Koenig, H. G., Rosmarin, D. H., Vasegh, S. (2012). Religious and spiritual factors in depression: review and integration of the research.Depression research and treatment,2012. David, M. K. (2013). Roles of Sindhi Grandparents in Malaysia. InIndian Diaspora(pp. 125-137). SensePublishers. Ellis, L., Wahab, E. A. (2013). Religiosity and fear of death: A theory-oriented review of the empirical literature.Review of Religious Research,55(1), 149-189. Eriksson, A., Burcharth, J., Rosenberg, J. (2013). Animal derived products may conflict with religious patients beliefs.BMC medical ethics,14(1), 48. Ezat, W. P. S., Fuad, I., Hayati, Y., Zafar, A., Kiyah, G. A. W. (2014). Observational study on patients satisfactions and quality of life (QoL) among cancer patients receiving treatment with palliative care intent in a tertiary hospital in Malaysia.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention,15(2), 695-701. Farooqui, M., Hassali, M. A., Shatar, A. K. A., Shafie, A. A., Seang, T. B., Farooqui, M. A. (2012). Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) use by Malaysian oncology patients.Complementary therapies in clinical practice,18(2), 114-120. Galanti, G. A. (2014).Caring for patients from different cultures. University of Pennsylvania Press. Harford, J. B., Aljawi, D. M. (2013). The need for more and better palliative care for Muslim patients.Palliative and Supportive Care,11(01), 1-4. Jong, J., Bluemke, M., Halberstadt, J. (2013). Fear of death and supernatural beliefs: developing a new Supernatural Belief Scale to test the relationship.European Journal of Personality,27(5), 495-506. Lovering, S. (2012). The Crescent of Care: a nursing model to guide the care of Arab Muslim patients.Diversity Equality in Health and Care. Qureshi, B. (2012).Transcultural medicine: Dealing with patients from different cultures. Springer Science Business Media. Rassool, G. H. (Ed.). (2014).Cultural competence in caring for muslim patients. Palgrave Macmillan. Tiew, L. H., Creedy, D. K., Chan, M. F. (2013). Student nurses' perspectives of spirituality and spiritual care.Nurse education today,33(6), 574-579. Tomkins, A., Duff, J., Fitzgibbon, A., Karam, A., Mills, E. J., Munnings, K., ... Yugi, P. (2015). Controversies in faith and health care.The Lancet,386(10005), 1776-1785. Vail III, K. E., Arndt, J., Abdollahi, A. (2012). Exploring the existential function of religion and supernatural agent beliefs among Christians, Muslims, Atheists, and Agnostics.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,38(10), 1288-1300. Velayudhan, M. (2012). Managing diabetes during the Muslim fasting month of Ramadan.Med J Malaysia,67(3), 353-4. Walpole, S. C., McMillan, D., House, A., Cottrell, D., Mir, G. (2013). Interventions for treating depression in Muslim patients: a systematic review.Journal of affective disorders,145(1), 11-20.

The Face of Another. Burned card. Man-box Review Essay Example

The Face of Another. Burned card. Man-box Review Paper Essay on The Face of Another. Burned card. Man-box You can imagine what kind of a role in our lives plays a box? Apart from its decorative and wrapping purpose, the main function will, of course, protecting the fragile substance of objective reality. radio box keeps the delicate electronic innards, hundreds of voices singing voices. Box houses hide behind their walls thousands of life dramas and farces, clearly giving to understand that there are only personal apocalypses. Box Lynch blue box, the key of which bears the stigma of the crime, and she is the boundary between the worlds of reality and dreams. And if you really delve into generalizations, the people its just a box for the soul (or consciousness, it all depends on your approach to the perception of the world). Do not you think that such arguments can not help suggest, that our whole life is a huge storehouse, cluttered drawers. Although, if you remember the classic film, our life is like a box of chocolates (of course  «Forrest Gump »). The novel Kobo Abes Man-box deprived of such lyrics. His boxes a box made of corrugated cardboard with a window for observing the world around them. Why do people put on a box? To do this, there are thousands of reasons and each has his own. From simple curiosity to voyeurism (after all, when youre in a box, then you can spy on the whole world). In fact, the reason is not so important, it is important consequence. As a result of the conversion of human-box, you get nothing. Not even a thing, just emptiness. No one will pay attention, if you start to drag the counter fruit, no one will investigate the case of the murder of a man-box. Even the homeless are higher on the evolutionary step, because they exist. What is especially noteworthy in this transformation it is one-sided. All honestly, as in nature, because the butterfly can not again become a caterpillar. And you get addicted to the box. Do not try to remove it, its taller than you. We will write a custom essay sample on The Face of Another. Burned card. Man-box Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Face of Another. Burned card. Man-box Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Face of Another. Burned card. Man-box Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The story is revealed to us through the chaotic diary notes of man-box. In the center of the story of the novel proper relationship of man-box, a doctor and a woman. But we have already found out that the man-drawer is undeath, emptiness. Then there are only a doctor and a woman. Then why doctors look so strange? Why would he kill a man-box? Is it only in obedience to natural desire (so described this urge the man himself-box)? Or he just wants to take its place in the drawer? As in the parable of the dragon, where each new liberator, takes his place. But then the doctor, too, ceases to be a man. It remains only a woman. Woman A woman is presented in the novel as a source of beauty, to which extend even such nedolyudi, fused with a box. Exposing the body, it is as opposed to men who are trying to hide in the shell cardboard boxes. But why, then, the author focuses on the buttons of her blouse, the way she unzips them? The answer is simple. She, too, is not a man. Chronometer. Pay attention to the passage of time in the novel: the clock is not the hour hand, clothes drying speed is not comparable with the speed of new blog entries. Only buttons blouses systematically loosened and stressing the inexorable passage of time. And this is its symbolism she was not opposed to men. Together they form the unity of space-time, turning into a kind of symbol of yin-yang ». Meanwhile, the color of the ink in the book, and indeed the handwriting changes. Who wrote these notes? This man-box, the doctor who? Like Lynch Malholond drive the story breaks off in mid-sentence to say: All this was not true. And he stayed a little to add: But it was not a lie. Yes, the notes have something in common with the real story, but actually played out in front of us a very different drama. Unwittingly begins to leaf through a novel at first, trying to determine where is the lie clues to the real story. But the author, as if specially avoids the easy way, without giving the reader a hint of the true state of affairs. Instead, he plunges us into sleep, calm and quiet. This is not the old sticky nightmare, which throws us Ryu Murakami, together with children from the storage chamber. But not the lazy sweet melancholy, so characteristic of Haruki books. Rather, it resembles a dream vision of the death of the main character Unbearable Lightness of Being. Such action has raku shechya grass. They say if it fall asleep, it can turn into a fish. Yet finishing reading the book, unwittingly catch myself thinking, that if the film Lynch was not so much a satire on Hollywood showbiz, she It could well be called Man-box ».

The Emirates Airlines Marketing Strategies

The Emirates Airlines Marketing Strategies Learning and Memory of Consumer Behavior in Emirates Business corporations conduct consumer studies for the improvement of their marketing strategies. This enhances their understanding on how the consumers contemplate, sense, and reason amid different products they offer. Emirates airlines, as one of the greatest developed long-haul carriers, are no exception in this realm. Learning and memory of consumer behavior in emirates is of greater importance and requires extreme attentions for the survival of the business in this dynamic global market.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Emirates Airlines Marketing Strategies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Learning within the consumers entails a rigorous transformation of the pre-existing memory as well as behavior. It is not exclusively knowledge based, but inducement by influence is also relevant. It focuses on the already known and enactment of subsequent concrete behav ior[1]. Learning and memory of the flight products are crucial at Emirates airlines. Various approaches of learning are taking course from which consumer awareness rests. One of such methods is a classical conditioning where consumers are natured to abide by the culture of the organization in terms of flight schedules, travelling conditions and all the benefits that abreast their products. Countless contemporary advertisers utilize the ideology to survive in the competitive market share. Restrictions in consumer awareness or information handing capabilities influence resolutions and marketing results. Concurrently, operant conditioning engages a diverse succession of events thus perceived as learning. The wide-ranging outline is behavior, consequence, and the possibility of the behavior to rise or descend. The Emirates Airlines embraces learning, as well as memory, to enact positive consumer behavior towards their products. They sometimes grant offers while trying out new products. Behavior arises from either individual realms, or groups. It entails the exploitation, disposal, and product acquisition. Importance of Marketers’ Understanding on Consumers Learning on Products and Services The marketers’ knowledge of how the consumers learn about their products is vital in the Emirates Airlines. The most fundamental one is for the marketing scheme meant to augment the promotion campaigns. The illustration of this concept is vivid by the discovery that travelers are more receptive to flight advertisements throughout December holidays when most tourists tend to fly abroad for leisure than any other season. The organization understands that new services primarily meet adoption by few individuals, and eventually the entire population.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The marketers must be patient as the product steers through these rigor ous phases while the organization has to finance the marketing projects to uphold the products buoyancy until they convene a commercial hit. The emirates marketers significantly understand how consumers learn about their services and support the gratification of initial customers, since they will in turn sway many successive clients’ brand preferences[2]. Emirates conditioning results Conditioning denotes the growth of behavior variation, which connects a desired behavior to a product with a previously unrelated stirring service. It aids in the successful promotion of new products. Emirates Airlines have effectively implemented such conditioning strategies with positive results. This extremely firm, with affirmative results, employs several aspects of conditioning encompassing typical, operant, and vicarious erudition. They employ unconditional stimulus, which brings forth unrestricted responses from the customers towards a new product. The corporation also embraces repositio ning, which engages an attempt to transform consumer perceptions of a brand, typically turning out to be less striking. Customer’s behavior and induced receptiveness are the key components of this achievement.  The rewarding of the customers behavior either at intervals or at some fixed duration is paramount in the arenas of conditioning[3]. In vicarious learning, the clients do not usually undertake the learning procedures by themselves. Occasionally, they possibly learn from examining their fellow clients. Bibliography Shaw, S. Airline marketing and management. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd, Vermont, 2007. Shimp, T. Advertising Promotion, and Other Aspects of Integrated Marketing  Communications, Cengage Learning, Ohio, 2008. Taneja, N. Flying ahead of the airplane. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd, Vermont, 2008.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Emirates Airlines Marketing Strategies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Footnotes T, Shimp, Advertising Promotion, and Other Aspects of Integrated Marketing Communications, Cengage Learning, Ohio, 2008, p. 145. S, Shaw. Airline marketing and management. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd, Vermont, 2007, p.107. N, Taneja, Flying ahead of the airplane. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd, Vermont, 2008, p. 140.

Laurels and What One Does With Them

Laurels and What One Does With Them Laurels and What One Does With Them Laurels and What One Does With Them By Maeve Maddox I heard a newscastersports I thinksay that someone was waiting on the laurels of someone. Sometimes I feel like an ancient Roman watching Latin turn into French. What did the newscaster mean? He had a vague recollection of having heard something about laurels and an -ing verb. The expression he was reaching for is resting on ones laurels. To rest upon ones laurels is to expend less effort, to give up striving for new victories, to rely on past success to cover up current failures. In classical times, winners of athletic contests and poetry slams were crowned with laurel wreaths because the laurel wreath was an attribute of the god Apollo, deity of music, poetry, and the arts. NOTE: art didnt mean the same to the ancients as it does in modern usage. For the Greeks, athletics belonged to the category of art. To the major arts, according to Cicero, belonged political and military arts; to the second class belonged purely intellectual arts, i.e., sciences, but also poetry and eloquence; to the third class belonged painting, sculpture, music, acting, athletics. Dictionary of the History of Ideas From this custom of crowning the best poets with a laurel wreath comes the term poet laureate, an official versifier appointed by a government to write poems for special occasions. Roman custom extended the use of the laurel wreath to crown victorious generals. During the Roman Republic, the second highest military honor was the Civic Crown, a wreath made of oak leaves. It was awarded to a Roman who had saved the life of fellow citizens by slaying an enemy on a spot not further held by the enemy that same day. Wikipedia The highest military honor was the Grass Crown, awarded to a general who broke a blockade around a threatened legion or army, saving it from annihilation. This one wasnt awarded too often. The association of oak leaves with military achievement survives to modern times. Certain miltary decorations make use of oakleaf clusters. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Masters Degree or Master's Degree?35 Genres and Other Varieties of FictionHow to Write a Proposal

Business ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Business ethics - Essay Example The purpose of this paper is to describe and analyze the unethical behavior that occurred in Bhopal, India and to apply an ethical analysis from three different ethical views which are utilitarianism, deontological ethics and virtue ethics. The company initially involved in the Bhopal scandal was Union Carbide. Union Carbide is a chemical and polymers multinational company with a 90 year history that employs 3,800 people and whose global net sales for the fiscal year 2006 were $1776 million (Unioncarbide). The company in 1984 had a gas leakage in the city of Bhopal, India which caused the death of thousands of residents, contaminated the natural resources of the areas and caused injuries to hundreds of thousands of Indian people. The catastrophe is considered the biggest corporate accident in the 20th century. In 2001 Dow Chemicals purchased Union Carbide and is currently administering it as its subsidiary. Dow Chemicals is the 2nd largest chemical manufacturer in the world which in 2006 obtained net sales of $49,124 million (Dow). On the evening of December 2, 1984 the Union Carbide chemical plant located in Bhopal, India had a gas leakage of nearly 27 tons on the lethal gas methylisocyanate (Corporatenarc). The safety measures which were suppose to prevent this type of disaster all failed since the company did not audit the system to ensure they were operational. The death toll was approximately an 8,000 person count and nearly half a million residents in the area were exposed to the toxic gases from the Union Carbide plant. The human suffering was horrible and the event caused a total contamination of the natural resources of the area including the water supply. The company did not take responsibility for its actions and failed to perform the necessary clean up to minimize the damage to the environment cause by their mistake. The disaster of 1984

Systems and Operations Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 1

Systems and Operations Management - Assignment Example The solution provided by the combination of a supply chain management system and enterprise resource planning solution will provide the framework that will support Atokowa in terms of its demand for data, information and knowledge. Corporate ambidexterity will enable Atokowa to respond to the current challenges and the demands of the future while protecting its bottom line. The same is true for transforming Atokowa into a learning organization. The recommended solutions not only will support an ambidextrous organization it will also provide the necessary infrastructure to a learning organization. The initiatives proposed by George Hargreaves and Hayley Atokowa can be considered the first step towards the right direction in expanding the market and widening the demography of Atokowa. The proposed implementation and integration of an enterprise resource planning solution and supply chain management system will support the initiatives. Creating an ambidextrous and learning organization will create the necessary corporate culture of excellence geared towards continuous improvements. Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 Table of Contents 3 Background of the Case 4 Business Analysis 4 Issues 5 Pricing Strategy 5 Operating Issues of ASIS 6 Customer Service Operations 6 Custom Print 6 Warehousing 7 Atokowa Supply and Purchasing: 7 Atokowa Brands: 7 Expanding Presence in the Internet 8 Information Technology 8 Conclusion 8 Recommendations 10 Pricing Strategy 10 Operating Issues of ASIS 10 Customer Service Operations 11 Custom Print 11 Warehousing Supply and Purchasing 11 Atokawa Brands 12 Internet Initiatives 12 Atokawa as a Learning and Ambidextrous Organization 13 Change Management 14 Bibliography 15 Background of the Case Atokowa is an Australian company providing office supplies and stationary products catering to business and individual clientele. Founded in 1964 the company now boasts of key presence all over Australia providing one stop shops for stationary and office supplies. When the company was turned over to Jonathan Atokowa, he expanded the business to include several key executives covering specific areas of operation within the company. Jonathan also focused on technology after realizing that this will be the future of the industry. Business Analysis Atokowa business process can best be described as having three revenue streams. The service revenue stream is provided by the Custom Print, the product label stream and the retail outlet revenue stream. Custom Print provide a production chain process that starts with an order from a client, actual production work from Atokowa and then delivery of the manufactured goods. Atokowa labels are conferred to generic products for maximum profit. However, the choice of product is random and there are no real criteria or structure in the choice of product and the quality of product that will be sold under the Atokowa label. A real effort to develop an Atokowa brand and have it Toll Manufactured to ensure quality and consistency should be planned for the future (Henry J. Johansson, 1993). Atokowa retail process includes consignment and actual purchase of items from vendors then selling it at a slightly higher price. Agreements with label owners and manufacturers and distributors do not include actual supply chain plan agreement, purchases and supply are determined by orders from Atokowa for delivery to the warehouse then eventual

Doris Lessings Book Character Essay Example for Free

Doris Lessings Book Character Essay We are first introduced to Mary as being an independent young woman. However Lessing’s character soon shows signs of being an insecure woman, who cares deeply what other people think about her. The reader is forced to sympathise with this self-destructing character. Throughout the novel Mary is described as being in a state of tension and under strain. Mary is unable to adapt to her new life on the farm with Dick, she is constantly longing for the town she left behind. The linear plot is about Mary Turner’s life, going back to her childhood and progressing to her characters fatal ending. The narrator tells of Mary being raised by â€Å"frustrated parents† and the hatred she felt towards her father. Her body is treated with discust,†She smelt the thick stuff of his trousers†, a possibility that some sort of child abuse occurred, which would account for her arrested sexuality, the fear and repulsion of sex. Mary becomes a friendless character who receives no help from her Husband and no loyalty from the servant. However violent Mary becomes with her servant she never actually commits a crime. Mary is driven to marry Dick after she over hears people mocking her and she feels she is being ostracized. The reader views Mary as a heroine who has lost her struggle. We are told by the narrator that evil was not contained within this woman but that evil was all around her. Throughout the novel the author’s disapproval of sexual and political prejudice and the colonialism in South Africa is constantly reinforced. This in turn influences the reader not to adapt to the main characters viewing of the world. Lessing’s novel can be seen as Mary’s constant struggle to preserve her authenticity and sense of self but she fails to overcome her struggle due to the forces and conditions that surround her. Mary’s failures are rooted in her family and culture that in turn dooms her to her death. Although at the beginning of Mary and Moses’s relationship, Mary exerts all her power and authority, we soon see a role reversal and a curious relationship develop when Moses insists on being treated like a human. From the beginning of the novel we become aware of Mary’s family struggles of poverty. Lessing intentionally tried to make the reader constantly switch from sympathising with Mary to despising her. Both Mary and Dick are identified as being tragic figures because of their failure to communicate and to address the practical and emotional difficulties in their lives. Mary  believed that she was as a white person is superior to the black natives in every way. The relationship that Mary develops with her black servant Moses shatters the complacency of the whites in Africa. Moses’ power in the relationship is unquestionable and real. His action in murdering Mary is simply a demonstration of the control which he exerts over her and in general which the blacks have in their own country still. The whites only retain a hold based on lies and corruption The land is what kills Mary. Mary’s efforts to assert her white authority over a black man continually backfire and leave her with less control. â€Å"While it is never explicitly stated, the novel suggests that Mary succumbs to him sexually just as her mental faculties begin to disintegrate†(40) Mary’s cognizance of the murder as one compounded  by her own guilt and by vengeance, rather than unwarranted aggression, shows a strange ability to forgive her own murderer even as he performs the act that she knows he is compelled to do.(42) Theshadow of regret, followed by the desire to explain and to be absolved of guilt, marks the first and only moment in the novel in which Mary is conceived as a self-possessed agent of her own destiny(43) The reader never consent to Mary’s view of the world but they can relate to the traditions and cultures that she was raised in that influenced her behaviour. Mary had been brought up to be afraid of black men: â€Å"She was afraid of them [the natives], of course. Every woman in South Africa is brought up to be. In her childhood she had been forbidden to walk out alone, and when she asked why, she had been told in the furtive, lowered, but matter-of-fact voice she associated with her mother, that they were nasty and might do horrible things to her†(chapt4) â€Å"She hated their half-naked, thick-muscled black bodies stooping in the  mindless rhythm of their work. She hated their sullenness, their averted eyes when they spoke to her, their veiled insolence; and she hated more than anything, with a violent physical repulsion, the heavy smell that came from the, a hot, sour animal smell.†(chap.7) The reader identifies with Mary’s Emotional failure as a white woman, a wife that rendered from her childhood upbringing and formed her into this insecure woman.

American Songs that Record Culture and History Essay -- Music Communic

American Songs that Record Culture and History As has been said many times over, songs are a reflection of society. They give insight into feelings, moods, historical changes, and the overall atmosphere of the society. Our American society is diverse and so too is our music. There are many genres of music and there were many evolutions to create those genres. Further, what happens in society, the historical changes, also effect those changes. Sex, drugs, alcohol. They are influential substance/actions by all accounts. Love, hate, sadness, desire, fear. They are strong emotions. In songs played on the radio there are many songs with references to both the good and bad of the topics mentioned above. However, just because there are songs in reference to drugs and alcohol does that make all Americans druggies and alcoholics? Not by any means. However the group singing a song may represent one portion of American society who deals with such issues at all times. Let’s take the song â€Å"Tipsy† by J-Kwon, a young rap artist for example. â€Å"Teen drinking is very bad...

Case Study: Company Law Essay

Question 1 The shares of ABC Limited, a private company are held by Ann and Andy Anderson and Bev and Bob Brown. The Andersons who together hold 90% of the company shares are concerned that the company is in need of further capital but because of family difference, the Andersons are not willing to inject additional funds so long as the Browns are shareholders in the company. They have therefore decided to pass a resolution which will enable the majority acquire compulsorily at full value shares of the minority. Advise Bev and Bob Brown. Bev and Bob Brown my advise to you is that the Anderson being the majority shareholder of ABC Ltd. can remove you Bev and Bob Brown by ordinary resolution of the company in general meeting, and if you Bev and Bob was appointed by the articles you can be removed by a special resolution passed to alter the articles. The Anderson’s decisions being majority shareholder is binding on you the minority shareholder whether you like it or not it is they who control the company ultimately. However Bev and Bob you can take representative action against the Anderson’s for fraud committed against you Bev and Bob as in the case Eastmanco.  Ltd. V Greater London where they stultify the purpose for which the company was formed and deprive you the minority shareholder of your existing prospects of obtaining votes. Being a member of ABC Ltd. you can bring representative action against the Company to protect your personal rights which you Bob and Bev enjoys. There have been a breach of duty owed to you Bob and Bev the minority shareholder cannot be ratified by a majority of shareholders. Question 2 Discuss the rule in Foss V Harbottle The rule in Foss V Harbottle illustrates the principle of majority control and minority protection.  If a wrong is done to the company then the only proper plaintiff to bring an action to redress the wrong is the company itself and not a shareholder or anyone else. Where the minority’s complaint is that some act has been done wrongly, which would nevertheless be lawful if there were an ordinary resolution in general meeting to authorize it, then the court will not interfere at the instance of the minority. The rule places the majority member in a very strong position over the minority as in the case Bamford V Bamford. The rule prevents the company from spending money on litigation to no ultimate purpose if an independent majority does not wish to pursue a claim. The rule may be used by majority shareholders to perpetrate fraud on the minority members especially if the majorities are also directors of the company. The rule is an inevitable consequence of a corporation is a separate legal entity. Therefore, if harm is caused to a company then only the company itself can take legal action. No one else, irrespective of their losses, will have the necessary power to take legal proceedings. Question 3  Dave is minority shareholder in ABC Company Ltd. Andy, Bev and Carol are also major controlling shareholders and in addition, they hold the position of chairman, managing director respectively. Dave is aggrieved that: i. The company has just sold 5 acres of land to Bev’s cousin at half the price the company paid for it ii. The company has recently engaged Andy’s uncle as its marketing director at an annual salary of $5 million. His service contract includes a provision that in the event of his death, his widow shall continue to receive his annual salary by way of pension payment for the rest of her life. Andy’s uncle was in very poor health at the time of his appointment. Andy, Bev and Carol do not admit that anything improper has taken place. Advise Dave on the legality of Andy, Bev and Carol’s action and whether he can bring an action against them. Dave base on the actions of Andy, Bev and Carol you can bring an action against them as in the case Daniels V Daniels. The major shareholders Andy, Bev and Carol owed fiduciary duty to the company and most act in good faith and in the best interest of the company and not in their own interest. The directors have been exercised in a manner that is unfairly prejudicial to the company and also breach of their fiduciary duties as in the case Kelmer V Baxter. Andy, Bev and Carol action are base on personal interest. The court can make an order to rectify the matters as in section 213A of the 2004 Company Act. The court can order for the company to regulate the company affairs by amending its articles against Andy’s uncle who was appointed as marketing director at an annual alary of $5 million and he was in very poor health at the time of his appointment. The court can regulate the company affairs by amending ABC Ltd. articles so that Andy’s uncle widow does not receive his annual salary by way of pension payment for the rest of her life after he dies. The court can also order for compensation to the company for the 5 acres of land that Bev’s cousin buy at half price the company paid for it. Dave you can bring action against them in the court. Question 4 The articles of association of ABC Ltd. public company provides inter alia ‘At a general meeting of the company, subject to any right or resolutions for the time being attached to any class or classes of shares, on a show of hand, every member in person shall have one vote’ Marvin, a shareholder who was present at a meeting of the company voted but the directors refused to register his vote in connection with passing of a special resolution. Advise Marvin who wants to compel the directors to register his vote. Marvin base on information given above you take Representative action against the company to protect your personal rights as in the case Pender V Lushington. Being a member allows you to bring representative action against the company. The directors of ABC Ltd. owe fiduciary duty to you personally. Suing under representative action to prevent the company from acting contrary to its articles which states that: ‘At a general meeting of the company, subject to any right or resolutions for the time being attached to any class or classes of shares, on a show of hand, every member in person shall have one vote’. You were present at the meeting and voted but they the directors refused to register your vote so you can bring them to court.

AGs Seek Sex Offender Data from MySpace

The article â€Å"AGs Seek Sex Offender Data from MySpace†Ã‚   by Associated Press writer Samuel Spies, discussed recent events where law enforcement officials have taken measures to obtain names of registered sex offenders who are members of   the website MySpace.com.According to the article, attorney generals from eight states which include: Ohio, Mississippi,   North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Idaho, New Hampshire, Connecticut, and Georgia have requested that MySpace, which is used for social networking give them information on the number of registered sex offenders using MySpace and where those offenders reside.The attorney generals have also asked MySpace to inform them on the measures they have taken to remove sex offenders from their site and what they have done to caution MySpace members about sex offenders.   Some of the attorney generals feel that Myspace is the biggest networking site, thus MySpace should identify offenders who use their networking site to prey o n children.The article also discussed how MySpace has partnered with Sentinel Tech Holding Corp. to create a database of sex offenders, which has found that a large number of sex offenders are Myspace members.   MySpace has also begun using software that identifies and removes sex offenders from their site.MySpace officials also stated that; MySpace will send any identified sex offender’s information to the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children, who would then forward the information to law enforcement.   There have been numerous MySpace related crimes committed against children; therefore the attorney general of North Carolina wants to pass legislation, which makes it a felony for sex offenders to register on social networking sites.At the moment it is unknown whether MySpace is going to cooperate with the requests of the attorney generals.  ReferenceSpies, S. (May 14, 2007). AGs Seek Sex Offender Data from MySpace. Retrieved May 21,2007, from http://abcne ws.go.com/US/WireStory?id=3174533&page=1.

Why Long-Distance Relationships Are Hard

Why Long-Distance Relationships Are Hard Its no secret: long-distance relationships, especially in college, are incredibly difficult. After all, just being in college is hard enough, so adding a long-distance relationship to the mix is inevitably going to add some stress and difficulty. Whether youre deciding whether you want to give your relationship a shot across the distance or whether youre just trying to prepare for whats to come, it can be a great help to be aware in advance of the challenges inherent in any college long-distance relationship. It Can Be a Challenge to Share the Little Things Sometimes, its being able to share the little things with someone that matter the most. Grabbing a cup of coffee, pointing out how ridiculous your physics professor is, or sharing a giggle over something funny in the quad are all things that can be hard, if not impossible, with a long-distance partner. Not having the shared experience of a million little things can be both sad and frustrating, especially as time goes on and all of those little, unshared experiences start to add up. It Can Be a Challenge to Share the Big Things You landed an amazing on-campus job; you just totally rocked your campaign speech for student government during a dead hour in the quad; you finally got selected to write a weekly editorial for the campus newspaper. While these may all be a huge deal in your college life, they can be hard to explain to someone who is far away and not completely familiar with the context theyre happening in. Sure, a partner can be excited for you, but its never quite the same as being there with you to applaud your efforts and see your victories in person. And that can be hard sometimes. Trust Issues Can Be Difficult You both are far away and living your own lives ... which hopefully means meeting new, interesting people. You might be a little jealous about your partners freedom and frequent interactions with potential love interests; your partner might be a little insecure about how much time youre spending with people he or she sees as a threat to your relationship. While any relationship has to be based on trust, trust in a long-distance relationship can sometimes be harder to establish. Your brain may even be able to logically explain why you should totally trust your partner, and yet your heart just cant seem to get on board. So even if you know youre being a little silly, trust issues can still creep in and pose a major challenge for one or both partners in a college long-distance relationship. Holidays and Special Events Can Feel Lonely While major goals for college should be, of course, academic in nature, there are major moments that happen along the way that is made all the more meaningful because of the people you share them with. And when your partner isnt there, things can get pretty challenging. Whether its a major athletic victory, a large co-curricular event youre organizing, a religious holiday, Valentines Day, or even something that happens unexpectedly, being alone when you want to share a special moment with your significant other can turn even the best of moments into one thats also bittersweet. Distance Can Grow Without Either Person Realizing It Even if both partners in a college long-distance relationship have the best of intentions, things sometimes just dont work out. All your Skype dates, messaging, and attempts to stay close somehow just fall short. The challenging part of this situation can, unfortunately, be that it happens without anyone really realizing it or, even worse, with one partner realizing it well before the other. They Will Never Fully Understand Your College Life Even if your partner lived on the same floor in your residence hall as you do, you still wouldnt be fully able to explain all of the details of your life to them. So when you add distance to the situation, things can quickly become incredibly, if not overwhelmingly, challenging. Even the best communicators can find it difficult to accurately and adequately explain all the exciting things about their time in school. And a partner can quickly become frustrated at their inability to fully understand whats going on in their significant others daily life. So while it may not necessarily be anyones fault, it can be frustrating when neither partner fully understands the others life. You Just Miss Them It goes without saying, of course, that the biggest challenge of a college long-distance relationship is the fact that you just miss someone you care very deeply about. You can try your hardest to stay close and make the relationship work. And even if you do last during your time apart, youll undoubtedly miss your partner terribly during the journey.

Beringian Standstill Hypothesis of the First Americans

Beringian Standstill Hypothesis of the First Americans The Beringian Standstill Hypothesis, also known as the Beringian Incubation Model (BIM), proposes that the people who would eventually colonize the Americas spent between ten to twenty thousand years stranded on the Bering Land Bridge (BLB), the now-submerged plain beneath the Bering Sea called Beringia. The BIM argues that during the turbulent times of the Last Glacial Maximum about 30,000 years ago, people from what is today Siberia in northeastern Asia arrived in Beringia. Because of local climate changes, they became trapped there, cut off from Siberia by glaciers in the Verkhoyansk Range in Siberia and in the Mackenzie River valley in Alaska. There they remained in the tundra environment of Beringia until retreating glaciers and rising sea levels allowedand eventually forcedtheir migration into the remainder of the Americas about 15,000 years ago. If true, the BIM explains the long-recognized, deeply puzzling discrepancy of the late dates for the colonization of the Americas (Preclovis sites such as Upward Sun River Mouth in Alaska) and the similarly stubbornly early dates of the antecedent Siberian sites (the Yana Rhinoceros Horn site in Siberia; for some of this discussion, see ORourke and Raff). The BIM also disputes the notions of three waves of migration. Up until recently, scholars explained a perceived variation in mitochondrial DNA among modern (indigenous) Americans by postulating multiple waves of migration from Siberia, or even, for a while, Europe. But, recent macro-studies of mtDNA identified a series of pan-American genome profiles, shared by modern Americans from both continents, decreasing the perception of widely varying DNA. Scholars still think that there was a post-glacial migration from northeast Asia of the ancestors of the Aleut and Inuitbut that side-issue is not addressed here, see Adachi and colleagues, Long and colleagues, and Schurr and colleagues in the bibliography. Evolution of the Beringian Standstill Hypothesis The environmental aspects of the BIM were proposed by Eric Hultà ©n in the 1930s, who argued that the now-submerged plain beneath the Bering Strait was a refuge for people, animals and plants during the coldest parts of the Last Glacial Maximum, between 28,000 and 18,000 calendar years ago (cal BP). Dated pollen studies from the floor of the Bering Sea and from adjacent lands to the east and west support Hultà ©ns hypothesis, indicating that the region was a mesic tundra habitat, similar to that of tundra in the foothills of the Alaska range today. Several tree species, including spruce, birch and alder, were present in the region, providing fuel for fires. Mitochondrial DNA is the strongest support for the BIM hypothesis. That was published in 2007 by Tamm and colleagues, who identified evidence for the genetic isolation of ancestral Native Americans from Asia. Tamm and colleagues identified a set of genetic haplogroups common to most living Native American groups (A2, B2, C1b, C1c, C1d*, C1d1, D1, and D4h3a), haplogroups that had to have arisen after their ancestors left Asia, but before they dispersed into the Americas. In a 2012 study, Auerbach reports that although there is variation among the five (admittedly a very tiny population) early Holocene male skeletons which have been recovered from North America, the individuals all have wide bodies, a trait shared by Native American communities today and which is associated with adaptations to cold climates. Auerbach argues that people from the Americas have wider bodies than other populations around the world. If true, that also supports the isolation model, as it would have been a shared trait developed in Beringea before people dispersed. Genomes and Beringia A 2015 study (Raghavan et al.) comparing genomes of modern people from all over the world found support for the Beringian Standstill Hypothesis, albeit reconfiguring the time depth. This study argues that the ancestors of all Native Americans were genetically isolated from East Asians no earlier than than 23,000 years ago. They hypothesize that a single migration into the Americas occurred between 14,000 and 16,000 years ago, following the open routes within the interior Ice Free corridors or along the Pacific coast. By the Clovis period (~12,600-14,000 years ago), isolation caused a split among the Americans into northernAthabascans and northern Amerindian groupsand southerncommunities from southern North America and Central and South America. Raghavan et al. also found what they termed a distant Old World signal related to Australo-Melanesians and East Asians in some Native American groups, ranging from a strong signal in the Suruà ­Ã‚  of Brazils Amazon forest to a much weaker signal in northern Amerindians such as Ojibwa. Raghavan et al. hypothesize that the Australo-Melanesian gene flow may have arrived from Aleutian Islanders traveling along the Pacific rim about 9,000 years ago. In an article released the same week as Raghavan et al., Skoglund et al. reported similar research and resulting genetic evidence. While their results are largely the same, they emphasized the Australo-Melanesian gene flow among South American groups, terming it evidence of Population Y, and arguing that the data support a long-standing theory concerning ancient Australo-Melanesian voyages to the New World. This model is over a decade old, but was built on cranial morphology and has not had genome support before this time. Skoglund et al. admit that DNA has not been retrieved from crania exhibiting the supposed physical affinities to Australo-Melanesians. See Was there Pre-columbian Contact Between Polynesia and America for additional discussion. Archaeological Sites Yana Rhinoceros Horn Site, Russia, 28,000 cal BP, six sites above the Arctic Circle and east of the Verkhoyansk Range. Malta, Russia, 15,000-24,000 cal BP: DNA of a child burial at this upper Paleolithic site shares genomes with modern western Eurasians and Native Americans bothFunadomari, Japan, 22,000 cal BP: Jomon culture burials share mtDNA in common with Eskimo (haplogroup D1, see Adachi)On Your Knees Cave, Alaska, 10,300 cal BP (see Perego 2009 Paisley Caves, Oregon 14,000 cal BP, coprolites containing mtDNA Monte Verde, Chile, 15,000 cal BP, first confirmed preclovis site in the Americas Kennewick  and Spirit Cave, USA, both 9,000 years cal BP (wide body form, see Auerbach) Charlie Lake Cave, British Columbia, Canada Daisy Cave, California, US Ayer Pond, Washington, US Upward Sun River Mouth, Alaska, US Sources This article is a part of the About.com guide to the Population of Americas, and the Dictionary of Archaeology. Adachi N, Shinoda K-i, Umetsu K, and Matsumura H. 2009. Mitochondrial DNA analysis of Jomon skeletons from the Funadomari site, Hokkaido, and its implication for the origins of Native American. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 138(3):255-265. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20923 Auerbach BM. 2012. Skeletal variation among early Holocene North American humans: Implications for origins and diversity in the Americas. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 149(4):525-536. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.22154 Hoffecker JF, Elias SA, and ORourke DH. 2014. Out of Beringia? Science 343:979-980. doi:10.1126/science.1250768 Kashani BH, Perego UA, Olivieri A, Angerhofer N, Gandini F, Carossa V, Lancioni H, Semino O, Woodward SR, Achilli A et al. 2012. Mitochondrial haplogroup C4c: A rare lineage entering America through the ice-free corridor? American Journal of Physical Anthropology 147(1):35-39. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21614 Long JC, and Ctira Bortolini M. 2011. New developments in the origins and evolution of Native American populations. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 146(4):491-494. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21620 ORourke DH, and Raff JA. 2010. The Human Genetic History of the Americas: The Final Frontier. Current Biology 20(4):R202-R207. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.11.051 Perego UA, Achilli A, Angerhofer N, Accetturo M, Pala M, Olivieri A, Kashani BH, Ritchie KH, Scozzari R, Kong Q-P et al. 2009. Distinctive Paleo-Indian Migration Routes from Beringia Marked by Two Rare mtDNA Haplogroups. Current Biology 19:1–8. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2008.11.058 Raff JA, Bolnick DA, Tackney J, and ORourke DH. 2011. Ancient DNA perspectives on American colonization and population history. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 146(4):503-514. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.21594 Raghavan M, Skoglund P, Graf KE, Metspalu M, Albrechtsen A, Moltke I, Rasmussen S, Reedik M, Campos PF, Balanovska E et al. 2014. Upper Palaeolithic Siberian genome reveals dual ancestry of Native Americans. Nature 505(7481):87-91. doi: 10.1038/nature12736 Raghavan M, Steinrà ¼cken M, Harris K, Schiffels S, Rasmussen S, DeGiorgio M, Albrechtsen A, Valdiosera C, vila-Arcos MC, Malaspinas A-S et al. 2015. Genomic evidence for the Pleistocene and recent population history of Native Americans. Science. doi: 10.1126/science.aab3884 Reich D, Patterson N, Campbell D, Tandon A, Mazieres S, Ray N, Parra MV, Rojas W, Duque C, Mesa N et al. 2012. Reconstructing Native American population history. Nature 488(7411):370-374. doi:10.1038/nature11258 Schurr TG, Dulik MC, Owings AC, Zhadanov SI, Gaieski JB, Vilar MG, Ramos J, Moss MB, Natkong F, and The Genographic C. 2012. Clan, language, and migration history has shaped genetic diversity in Haida and Tlingit populations from Southeast Alaska. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 148(3):422-435. doi:10.1002/ajpa.22068 Skoglund P, Mallick S, Bortolini MC, Chennagiri N, Hunemeier T, Petzl-Erler ML, Salzano FM, Patterson N, and Reich D. 2015. Genetic evidence for two founding populations of the Americas. Nature advance online publication. doi: 10.1038/nature14895 Tamm E, Kivisild T, Reidla M, Metspalu M, Smith DG, Mulligan CJ, Bravi CM, Rickards O, Martinez-Labarga C, Khusnutdinova EK et al. 2007. Beringian Standstill and Spread of Native American Founders. PLoS ONE 2(9):e829. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000829 Wheat A. 2012. Survey of professional opinions regarding the peopling of America. SAA Archaeological Record 12(2):10-14.

ACCOUNTING FOR STRATEGIC & MANAGEMENT CONTROL Essay

ACCOUNTING FOR STRATEGIC & MANAGEMENT CONTROL - Essay Example There are numerous problems that face the BH Ltd in the control systems. To begin with the audits are not done effectively. There is need for the independent auditors to work on the BH Ltd accounts. The accounts are oftenly collected and sent to the Ave Co Plc.The company also experiences problems with the capital budgeting and the performance appraised on budgeting. (anonymous, 2008).The finance functions have also contributed to the disappointing results. The finance department has little interaction with either the individual or the regional managers. There is also a problem in the performance measurement systems. The key performance indicators are not effectively applied. According to Grahamme Steven, vital data from the organization must be obtained to produce the good results. There are however limitations of the data access due to the confidentiality by the managers who have chosen not to work with the headquarters. As we all understand our company acquired BH Ltd 4 years ago. It has been performing well and it has been a place where many people desired to go. However after the restructuring there has been a series of problems and disappointing performance. Shareholders and the customers have been on the watch over the performance of the company.Ordinarily, shareholders must have confidence in the published accounts so as to make the reliable investment decisions. The reduced ROI has been their point of concern as most of them threaten to quite the organization. The hotel occupancy rate has been rising at a slow rate. However there has been a question why the company is not performing well. I. Control systems. The control systems are generally weak giving a leeway to disappointing results. The company has been producing monthly management accounts to the headquarters. The accounts have revealed a reduced ROI yet there have been increased profits recorded. The accounts were made in dependency and secrets. There was therefore no transparency while

Explore a primary source concerning William Z. Foster Essay

Explore a primary source concerning William Z. Foster - Essay Example urely relevant to the knowledge base on Foster’s life and work, but it must also be realize that the author is somewhat biased, as he appears to be sympathetic to the communist movement in the United States and does not wish to see it end. What this means is that when reading this book, the reader must be aware that it is more political science than history, which takes away from the book’s historical significance. While Barrett is a well known historian, this book shows that he is prone to allowing his own opinions to creep into his historical facts and should be remember whenever reading one of his texts. Barrett begins this book by telling about Foster’s early days earning his living in the slums, while believing that there must be a better manner of doing this. Barrett then follows Foster as he begins organizing unions in order to improve the position of the working class in society. As time moves on, Foster helped to form the American Federation of Labor and, later on, the Trade Union Educational League, which was a much more radical organization. These radical ideas caused Foster to turn to socialism and eventually communism, which is how he became a such a high ranking official in the Communist Party of the United States. In telling the story of Foster’s life, Barrett is able to show the reader the ideological basis for communism’s existence in the United States, as he tells of how â€Å"Foster, Earl Browder, and Jack Johnstone played crucial roles in organizing basic industry in the United States and later building the Communist Party† (Barrett 69). People like Foster believed that it could be used as a method of equalizing society and, therefore, allowing for the poor to be on par with the rest of society. Foster did not believe that communism had to be oppressive, but rather could be used as a tool for making society a better place to live and Barrett is sympathetic to this cause. The relevance of this text is somewhat in question, however, as

Engineering ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Engineering ethics - Essay Example As such, the disaster was a result of an engineering oversight arising from the underestimation on the strength and capability of the lift slab. Every major constructions have a core pillar, the pillar that traverses the entire length of the building offering a core for the inclusion of the elevator is always a determining factor on the strength of the building. The L’Ambiance Plaza was to have two of such pillars in the form of rectangular pillars at both ends of the building. The collapse occurred when the intense pressure placed on the west tower proved overwhelming. Apparently, construction on the west wing of the building had reached the eight floor with slabs for the successive three floor slabs placed at stage IV directly over the twelfth floor. This resulted in the placement of intense stress on the pillar thereby instigating the collapse. At the time of collapse, workers were in the floors below completing various categories of construction work in different floors be low the roof. Twenty-eight of the workers died instantly as the floors buried them. The ninth, tenth and eleventh floor slabs caved in with the crane through the west pillar, the stress caused by the western side of the building intensified the pressure on the eastern wing thereby resulting in the collapse of the entire building. The entire building eventually collapsed thereby compounding the loss of capital at the site of construction. More alarmingly was the fact that the entire building collapsed in less than six seconds.

Teaching Writing Skills To Vietnamese Students Education Essay

Teaching Writing Skills To Vietnamese Students Education Essay Background of the problem Writing skill which includes language, private knowledge and skill, emotion and the interaction of personal opinion is difficult and challenging to learn and develop for many students in EFL contexts in general and in Vietnam in particular. In Vietnam, there are many teachers of English who even believe that teaching writing skill to EFL learners is more complex than teaching other communicative skills (Mazdayasna Tahririan, 2001). Although language learners have to learn hard to have good compositions, they still have made a variety of errors or mistakes when writing. In other words, EFL learners often feel stressful and anxious when writing in a foreign language (Spratt Leung, 2000). Consequently, language teachers and researchers have made an effort to know how they can do to help students be able to minimize their mistakes in their writing. However, they also admit that it is impossible for them or any teacher to read and correct all the students compositions on writing lessons because correcting written work is time-consuming (Ur, 1999, p.74), especially for large classes. Peer feedback (also peer correction, peer response or peer review) with its advantages can be a promising way which can be used to encourage students to read and give comments and suggestions together for enrichment of their peers writings before the final versions of their products are submitted to their teachers. Peer correction works as a vital part in the process approach to teaching writing because it helps learners realize their learning level as well as their demands for enhancement of writing ability. Brown (1994) and Gipps (1994) have the same opinion that feed back is one of the main factors in the process of English learning and teaching. Many other researchers, for example, Paulus (1999), Min (2006) promote the idea that verbal and written feedback should be applied to foster writing skills. This strategy, thus, has been used popularly on the writing lessons of many English classes in Vietnam consisting of those at centre of Informatics and Foreign Language, Thai Nguyen College of Education, Thai Nguyen Uni. Ur (1999, p.74) states that peer correction can help us not only save time, but also develop the critical reading skill for content, organization, style and language accuracy. Additionally, peer feedback can receive an efficient method to make students to have critical thinking of writing and assessment skills than teacher feedback. In other words, peer feedback helps learners make good use of their own effort to make their writings expressive and effective. However, in spite of its roles and impact on the process of writing, peer feedback has not been paid much attention in Vietnam. Some researchers such as Tran (2007), Phan (2007) who are interested in peer response in writing introduce their point of view, knowledge and experience about this topic in their researches which show the present state of employing peer feedback learners attitude and especially offer some suggestions to better the current response training. Purpose of the study As mentioned above, it is not difficult to find out studies which research the role of peer feedback in writing skill on the way to foster it. However, the writer of this study with to do the research to know about the fact of peer feedback in Vietnam in general and the Centre of Informatics and Foreign Language, TNCE, TNU more clearly. This study also investigates whether peer feedback can have positive impact on ESL writing process among pre-intermediate non major students at this Centre or not; they can revise their own writing works to develop their writing skill or not and how this process really happens. Bearing in mind, the writer decides the research with title Using peer correction in teaching writing skill to help Vietnamese college non-major students at CIF, CE, TNU reduce errors in their written compositions Research question(s) or statement of hypothesis This study aims at finding answer to the following research question: How can peer correction helps EFL learners reduce mistakes in their written compositions? The question is addressed to one of the writing classes that I am teaching this term in Centre of Informatics and Foreign Language, College of Education, Thai Nguyen University with the aim to examine how peer correction affects the process of revising and writing a complete composition of my students here. Organization of the study This study can be divided into five chapters. In this chapter, background of the EFL writing in local context is given and the aim of this study is also identified. Chapter 2 mentions some reviews of the literature which go through related literature and researches, in which, general of writing teaching and a brief idea of peer feedback in writing skill will be focused. In chapter 3, the writer describes the methodology and processes of the research. Chapter 4 presents data analysis and findings. Chapter 5 gives some implications of the study, summarizes main point discussed in the study, indicates some limitations and proposes some suggestions for the further researches. Lastly, the final parts of the study are appendixes and references. CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW Overview of writing process Lannon (1989) claims that writing is a process delivering meaningful messages and including its own specific goal. This process requires students to work hard instead of regarding it as an uncomplicated act (Byrne, 1988). However, in language teaching and learning process, Tribble (1996, p.3) defines writing as a language skill that involves not just a graphic representation of speech, but the development and presentation of thoughts in a structured way. This means writers need to arrange their ideas logically and systematically. There have been different approaches to teaching writing EFL classes but two most popular ones are product approach and process one. Product approach can be the traditional method of writing which stresses the final outcome of the writing process as well as grammar, usage, form and mechanics of the composition. Students are often asked to write a similar paragraph basing on the model and using new taught structures, vocabularies or any aspects of language. A fter that, the teacher will correct students writings or feedback in the class commonly means the correction of the students language errors (Mazdayasna Tahririan, 2001, p.56). Therefore, students find difficult to know why and how they made errors to avoid repeating them on the next tasks. Though thanks to this method students can sometimes reject errors (Tribble, 1996), it does not encourage students create in writing at all, the use of language is manipulate of fixed patterns; the patterns are learned by imitation (Pincas, 1962, p.185). Over the last forty years, there has been remarkable interest in writing process. There are many researchers and educators suggesting language teachers that they should pay attention to students writing process instead of only their final writing version (Paige Way, Joiner and Seaman, 2000). Process writing can contain stages such as rewriting, writing, revising and rewriting or editing. However, Reid (1993) supplement this process with three more stages, namely, responding, evaluating and post-writing, in which peer feedback is focused more in responding. Prewriting: something done before drafting such as choosing a topic, brainstorming, collecting data, organizing. Composing / drafting: actually writing. Revising: selecting organization, structures, edition or collection word. Rewriting: completing stage step by step. Responding: getting the teacher and peers responses, discussing with them about papers to improve the content. Evaluating: receiving marks or scores from the teachers. Post-writing: any activities happened after completing rewriting and getting assessment (role-play) Cresswell claims that to as students to exchange their writing draft is an effective way to foster their learning autonomy and help them become alert reader when proofreading their partners written tasks (2000). As the result, they also have critical thinking when they read their own paper to find and correct themselves their mistakes in those, i.e. their writing ability can be develop (Markino, 1993). It is necessary to allow students to have more time to write and get feedback from their teachers and classmates, and then rewrite the drafts so that they can let reader be abele to understand their idea expressed on the paper better (Frankenberg-Garcia, 1999). Definition and some types of errors Different researchers have different ways to categorize errors. In this study, the writer only wishes to refer one of classification strategies based on the relation to comprehensibility given by Burt and Kiparsky (1972) because of its close concern with the notion of mistakes mentioned in this study. These researchers divided error into two main types: global errors and local ones. Henclrikson (1978) notes that we will be able to realize which error is global or local, because error can be regard as communicative or non-communicative ones. According to Ellis (1997), while global errors such as over generalization or simplification have an effect on explanation of the whole structure of sentence, local error just affect a single factor in sentences, i.e. word, phrases, closures or grammatical morphemes. Burt and Kiparsky (1974) also claim that global error have higher hierarchy than local errors. Thus the global ones seem to be care about and be corrected more than local ones Norish (1983). However, those local errors can be considered as minor ones, error in tense and aspect, they are popular mistakes of English writing learners. Peer feedback and its impact on reducing mistakes and developing writing skill Knowledge is best acquired through negotiated interaction (Grabe Kaplan, 1996, p.380). There are many approaches to error correction and also definitions of peer feedback from many linguists and experts. According to Richards, et al, Peer feedback is an activity in the revising stage of writing in which students receive feedback about their writing from other students-their peers. Typically students work in pairs or small groups, read each others compositions and ask questions or give comments or suggestions (1992, p.268). Some other researchers of EFL writing state that feedback play an essential role in the process of writing. Keh (1990) claims that giving feedback means giving comments and suggestions, which helps the writer edit his or her composition. Through teachers or classmates feedback, students can know what kinds of mistakes they made and how to cope with those mistakes. Therefore, if students can get a productive feedback, they can correct their own errors and avoiding making the similar mistakes in the later writing tasks. It is wise for teachers to require learners responsibilities for their own writing performance and their peers ones because of the strong effect of peer feedback on students review as well as their writing skill. Zamel (1987) supposes that peers are actual and direct readers or reviewers. In the fact that, there are a number of methods teachers utilize to assist students check their mistakes but indeed teachers seem to not be able to resolve the problem individually. Students play the parts of both writers and readers or givers and receivers. Hefernick (1983) regards peer editing as learning and teaching instrument for teachers and learners because students can give helpful feedback each other. Peer writers can edit their own written compositions basing on the readers remarks and comments (Mendonca and John, 1994; Rollison, 1998), so the writers can be better at learning writing. Students can also have superior performance by the student-to-student activities because these activities are often more detailed than teacher feedback (Caulk, 1994). Also, Mangelsdorfin thinks that peer review can help many students to have diverse perception about their topics as well as foster the ideas and make them more clearly in the EFL writings. Therefore, researchers believe that peer feedback can have a positive effect on classroom dynamics and can help to train learners in skills they need to become autonomous (Spratt et al, 2005, p.157). Joyce (1997) employs a research to explore main strategies so as to respond to the EFL students composition writings. After the twelve-week period, by comparing the initial writing sample and the third one after using peer editing, he shows that writing competency of students grows strongly and concludes this strategy is efficient and necessary. In the research conducted by Wong (1999), peer correction was carried out and discovered by qualitative data to ease the process of EFL writing in four factors: grammar, rules and concepts, meaning and emotional elements. In addition, it helps students improve awareness of writing skill. Quantitative findings of this study introduce 97% students admit that they want to apply peer correction in the future. It is important to stress that the writer of this study learns a lot from Wong research, and longs to use some his methods in this research to examine whether it is suitable for the writer teaching fact. Kurt and Atay (2007) also experimented with 86 Turkish Prospective Teachers of English. Those participants are divided into 2 groups: Experimental group (writing an essay and receiving peer feedback) and control group (writing an essay and receiving teacher feedback only). This study concluded that peer feedback helps Turkish PTs reduce writing anxiety and it is really considered as a complementary factor of the teacher feedback. Despite its advantages, peer response has its own weakness. Its procedure requests the training and organization from the teacher as well as it depends on students ability of collaboration with peers. Many students give their partners too general and ambiguous reviews. They make their peers find it difficult to understand and catch messages or information. The writing ability, thus, seems to not improve (Tsui Ng, 2000). CHAPTER 3: METHODS AND PROCEDURES Methods of the study The research is done qualitatively in the context of a 30-student English class. They are non-major students; their level of English proficiency is pre-intermediate and their writing ability is average. In this report, the writer uses two research tools to collect and analyze the needed data, i.e. recording and interview. Recording is used to record the process of peer correction. Chosen subjects were invited to record their discussions and then they were transcribed (Appendix C) for analyzing. Voice recorder is chosen instead of video recorder to prevent their discussions from the presence of another people, which may interrupt their current process of peer correction. The writer also hopes that through recordings she can derive how students check and correct their writings each other and what types of mistakes are corrected most. The second tool used in this study is interviews with students at the end of the research to study whether this strategy is really suitable for them or not, that is, expose students attitude toward peer correction strategy as well as their opinions and get their suggestions to make this process better. According to Herbert and Irene (1995), in interviews students need to know the way of actual listening. Because they are pre-intermediate non-major students, they can only use English during the interviews, so they can speak in Vietnamese and then the writer record and translate them into English. Procedure As a matter of ethics, the whole procedure of teaching and learning is implemented similarly to all students of the class after all of them give consent to be part of the research. However, due to the limit of the study, I only focus to record and interview the learning engagement of two students (who I call anonymously in this report as A1 and A2 as a matter of ethics) during this process as the data for analysis. The writer after considering carefully decide to make peer correcting tasks in class. Before the real peer correction, the writer design some exercises to introduce the way to check a composition. They were guided to focus on some discrete mistake. Items are subject-verb agreement, spells, tense, verb form, number, part of speech. The structure of sentence, content, and organization of the composition/essay is also asked to be commented. Firstly, the students were asked to check sentence by sentence and then, they worked in pairs to check the paragraph (Appendix B) This research lasted for 8 weeks, and the writer chose 3 topics to ask students to write, discus and correct and then rewrite before submitting to give the teacher. These topics are informal letter to a pen friend; a descriptive passage about a close relative in your family; a biography passage of a famous person. During this process, the writer asks students to give them tape-recorder to record their own discussions. In this paper, interviews are well-prepared. After recording them, the writer will transcribe and translate them (Appendix ?) ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS Data analysis Analysis of data from the recordings The writer, in this part, wish to learn about the process of peer correction through discussions taken recordings of subjects and interviews between the writers and them. After that, the writer would assess the result of the recorded discussions and interviews. It is undeniable that peer correction help students improve EFL writing a lot, although the level of subjects is not high, they can give comments on a variety of types of mistakes language such as article, preposition, S-V agreement, infinitive or gerund an sometimes even whole structure of the composition or word choice. When correcting mistakes, they also give some suggestions and explain the reasons for those mistakes. Below are some examples in collected data. Extract 1(topic 1, A1s composition) Before correction: She and I are very different but we got on well together. She is short and Im tall. She likes stay at home and watch television with my parentss. A2: Ok. Sentence 1 is ok. In sentence 2, you should use get, not got, simple present. Next sentences let me see, here, like add v-ing not bare verb. My parentss, I dont know my parentss here mean, without possessive mark is correct. Do you agree? A1: Yeah of course After correction: She and I are very different but we get on well togetherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. She is shorter than meà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. She likes staying at home and watching television with my parents Extract 2 (topic 1, A2s composition) Before correction: My young brother is a 15 year old and I am 20 year old. My brother learn at Song Cong town and I learn at TN college of education. A1: My young brother is a 15 year old. You dont need an article here, it is not a noun and years, not year. Its plural. My brother learn at Song Cong town and I learn at TN college of education, wrong form of the verb the third singular person. A2: Okie. Learns not learn After correction: My young brother is 15 years old and I am 20 years old. He learns at Song Cong town and I learn at TN college of education. Extract 3 (topic 2, A1s composition) Before correction: I was born in a family of farmer. My parents are workers in a company and my brother is married and works for the post office. A2: I dont understand the next sentences. I was born in a family of farmer. My parents are workers in a company. Why? A1: Oh, so so sorry, I mean classes in society. But I cant express this idea. A2: Working class, you mean? Or you will not ? sentence. Are you clear? Now, next, any brother is married, was, not is and works for the post office. After correction: My parents are workers in a company and my brother is married and works for the post office. Extract 4 (topic 2, A2s composition) Before correction: Its verry wonderful. A1: Verry? Wrong spelling. Its Very. Can you find out the sentence? A2: Yes. Thats right. After correction: Its very wonderful! Through recordings, the writer also realizes that apart from getting knowledge to improve their writing skill, students are very interested in their discussions. They seem to feel confident and have responsibilities with their task. Analysis of data from the interviews The information from the interviewed reveals students thoughts, feelings and ideas toward this process. Although A1 has not tried peer correction before, she is convinced of this strategy after this study. She feels that she can realize her mistakes clearly and correct them. She is also able to avoid repeating on the next task. She wants to work in group of 3 or 4 to get more feedback from her peers. That means she admit the role of the peer feedback in developing her writing skill. Extract 6 (interview between the writer and A1) W: Will you use this strategy again? A1: Yes, of course. W: Can you give some suggestions to make the process better? A1: I like working in group of three or four. Thats all. W: Thank you very much! Unlike A1, A2 has used this strategy many times. Therefore she has a lot of experiences. Her ideas express her deep understanding of peer correction. She also likes it and she knows how it assists her in her writing process. However, she stresses the role of the teacher in the process of revising. Extract 7 (interview between the writer and A2) A2: I like it. But I still want teachers correct it finally. W: Why do you think so? A2: Because I myself sometimes find out my own mistakes. My partner can help me that. Moreover, when reading the text of my partner, I can learn something from it. However, there are some mistakes we cant correct we need teacher. ! Findings According to the data analysis from the two lessons, it can be personally concluded that the most important feature that makes my students to engage more in the lesson is the kind of assessment which forces them to learn although the meaningfulness of tasks also more or less affect the level of engagement the most meaningful tasks to my students are tasks that can help them to pass the tests at the end of the semester not tasks that give them reasons to communicate as I expected REFLECTIONS This study has given me a chance to know more about my students, about what goes wrong with them when they are not engaged in my reading class. In the study, I also have chance to access a number of researches of many experienced language educators and teachers, from which I obtain new knowledge of language teaching and learning in general and knowledge of meaningful tasks in teaching extensive reading in particular. During the research, I also learn more about the methods of doing research in a scientific way. Firstly, I learn to look at the situation of my English teaching and learning critically and make research questions with the hope of improving it. I also learn to arrange and organize my ideas and my work systematically to fit the timetable of the research procedure. But the most important thing is that I learn how to put my background knowledge into the knowledge repertoire of related previous studies to have a broader view of the situation and to make my research skills (such summarizing and synthesizing) useful by activating them creatively and critically. However, the research still has some drawbacks regarding the methods of data collection and analysis that I might change in my next research if I have more time. Firstly, instead of just doing the research on 2 lessons, I intend to do research from the beginning of the semester so that my students not only have chances to choose the texts themselves but also have chances to choose the topics they are interested in. Moreover, when I observe them in the whole semester, the effect of other aspects like the pressure of testing, the emotion of learners, etc. can be avoided and thus, the data I collect may become more reliable. Secondly, instead of interviewing my students after the research, I will interview them during the research, which may give me more chances to adjust my lessons to be more suitable and meaningful to them. CONCLUSION To sum up, the research has brought to me some important lessons of English teaching and learning in general and of working with my students in particular. Firstly, the research affirms for me that extensive reading activities are good activities that students want to do. It is not because in the activities, students have opportunities to choose the texts of their own interest and at their own level of proficiency but also because extensive reading activities give them another environment of reading in which they are not in pressure to read. Thus, they can comfortably improve their English fluency. It is also proved by the research that students are more engaged in the extensive reading activities when the tasks are more meaningful to them. More specifically, in my case that means the tasks that give my students a more meaningful reason to complete engage them more. However, it is also noted that the purpose of learning for mark (i.e. learning to prepare for final-term tests) should also be taken into considerations as a factor that affects the engagement of students. 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