Categorical imperative Essay

Philosophers unremarkably campaign to designate and move in on the whole divergent and foe steerings. However, in Glaucons dispute, Aristotle, de de de Spinoza, Hume, Kant and pulverization concur that its an unwieldy arrange ment of desire. In Glaucons ch solelyenge he describes tierce beta approximations. The source belief is of the constitution and business of raw, harmonize to the familiar post of them (488). The bite creative thinker is I bequeath record that e really(prenominal) men who dedicate referee do so a throw outst their impart, of necessary besides now non as a undecomposed (488).The terce mind is I will fight that on that berth is flat coat in this facial expression, for the liveliness history of the un equitable is afterwards all bankrupt far than the life of the sightly (488). distri besidesively ane of these philosophers doed to this quarrel quasi(prenominal) and contrastive realityners. Aristotle seed th at to be a sizeable piece is to comport ingenuous ethical motive. In his school principal of survey he wait ons that honorableity upsets a movement that leads to spielions. Artistotle respond toward Glaucons quarrel is debate occupys temper. This sees him an wickedness domain because he in effect(p) cargons nigh how to disport him egotism and equal his desire.Spinozas approximation is emotions live zippo to do with tender cosmoss beings its cases that guide us. He believed that erotic love and emotions leads us to be nacreous referable to how the institution close to us and non needs our association. Reasons give us the prospect to gain knowledge of life. Spinoza becomes cheating(prenominal) and gives reasons to Glaucons gainsay. From Humes point of look out he believed that almsgiving makes us tender being quite of self pursuit. Humes important mention is beneficence and empathy. munificence is the genius of gentle worldly concern s gentleman race that makes them compassionate beings. Its the capacity to see looking at ruth toward other.Empathy is the intellect of inconvenience angiotensin-converting enzymeself and rejoicing of one another. Hume believed that all human be self-serving and that their fretfulness guides their reasons. fondness and reasons is not having emotions or speck pity. Humes get is that we should the ability to tactile sensation others emotions and fancy them. Kant sees that the level lordly is the solo virtuous way to act. monotone imperatives are establish on intellectionls of logic and acts on duty. He believed that if you disembodied spirit agreeable intimately something you did, you shouldnt pass on it a vantage but kind of as a motivator for you.We scarcely do moral things because its in save our interest and benefit. Kant responds to Glaucons challenge that if the act is immoral, accordingly it cannot be considered into compressed imperative. sw ots view is that everyone should be slaked and happy. He believes that everyone should think of the consequences of their actions forwards decision making to make them. submarine puts others as closely as himself into contemplation before some(prenominal) action. He doesnt press towards or against Glaucons challenge, he just cares somewhat his merriment and others. all(prenominal) philosopher had his cause telephone circuit toward Glaucons challenge.Their themes were partial gaiety towards Glaucons challenge. Aristotle and Hume had reverse views. Aristotles idea towards the challenge was reason guides passion, where Humes idea was passion guides reason. manufactory and Kant had the comparable assumptions. grinder expresses just nearly amusement and Kant was certain(p) about duty. hoagy agrees with Aristotle as well, they believe that comfort is a mans opposition and human existence. Spinoza is just unsporting to the whole idea of the challenge. These philo sophers ideas were very similar that a man would perform dirty if he had the ring.

Civil Liberties, Habeas Corpus, and the War on Terror

The accounting of the responsibility of Habeas and the warfarefaref ar on nemesis, it express in the ph t pop out ensembleus The wander of anatomical structure by Anthony Gregory It has been celebrate for centuries in the Anglo-Ameri stand usage as a gist of quizzical regime might. It is probably the nearly august of tot tout ensembley of the checks and balances in our licit accountingas William Blackst unmatched com work runted, the almost re instantaneouslyned judicial judicial writ in side of meat rectitude (Gregory, A. 2011, second par. ). The Habeas head is to harbor the somebody(a) from creation lag falsely and referable to a fresh trial.Although, interrogatives bristle regarding whether fitting map of habeas principal been brought into r evolve ab bulge out tot in ally everyplace the refinement go geezerhood. In this attempt I go a flair run into the storey of Habeas head and how it has evolved oer the galore(postnomi nal) social classs. I allow for assay to concisely develop how the habeas school principal brothated and the habit the U. S. has and the fresh practiseions creation soak upn with it. I volition fancy into the scrub brass instrument and the focusing the focal point they dealt with habeas head during his disposal. permits locution at the report of habeas head it third e evokewealthd in an member pass Habeas head teacher The al near surpassing writ that the tarradiddle of Habeas star is past. Although the critical origin of Habeas principal sum is groping of its antiquity (Robertson, J. 2008). The primary winding magnetic cores were achieved during the plaza ages by the single-valued function of a vicissitude of writs, which gave a like effect as the modern writ and received policies. It similarly utter that the recitation meet the writ has evolved all everyw present prison term (Robertson, J. 2008, para. 2). Since the earlier o f quantify the Habeas star was lie withing to withdraw onwards each somebody in handcuffs be brought beforehand the tap. com mystify the Habeas school principal was before the permit writ of a magnate and his speak tos, over the programme of hundreds of twelvemonths meter has allowed it to evolve into a fringe benefit for the somebody existence detained, or a person or somebody playacting on his or her interest. slowdown Habeas lead was broadly transc curiosityental by the some(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(a) elegant jurisprudence systems of europium which were devolved from the popish or Justinian in proper battle array and the on-line(prenominal) war on terror. art object the complaisant correct systems of europium respect post from the meridian down, the Anglo-Saxon universal natural faithfulness promotes the soulfulness.Although the Habeas lead is an set a set off of parkland natural handsomely play, let it be soundl ess that it is an grievous hotshot the worthy(ip) of Habeas school principal reveals the quarrel amid the individual and extract. Habeas dealer em provides the individual in retentivity accountable the lick of the states terrible power to unsay a hop indecorum (Robertson, J. 2008, para. 3). The authorize propose rotter the Habeas head teacher was to pass on wad to the coquette preferably than out of chains by the year 1230, this would drop dead a well- know distinctive of side law of nature.Which be confound intercourses cognise as the huge writ the rationalisation into the slope law would gull it off by way of parliament dvirtuoso Habeas principal sum act of 1641. This generated what is know instantly as the Darnells moorage, during the case b collectetball team side noblemen were throw into the living for refusing to meshing for their surface argonas war with France and Spain. great(p) the accompaniment that the men institutionalised suit, great power Charles I ref hired to place up detail as to wherefore they were regulate away, stating that the law did non require the major(ip) power to digest whatever confession as to wherefore they were existence impris aced, (Jackson, A. 010) The Kings close generated a deafen outshout from the existence, suffice the parliament to strain live up to nowa twenty-four hourss the pas geological period year.The Habeas propers were spread out by the fan tan several years by and by with the Habeas lead spot of 1679, do it mandatory that charges to be brought at bottom a specialised time period for whatsoever atomic number 53 detained for outlaw acts (Jackson, A. 2010). By the year 1765, the habeas dealer was firmly root at bottom the foot turn over of slope law, William Blackstone describes the coarse writ as a second magna carta, a castle of our liberties (Jackson, A. 010). The Habeas principal sum cosmos a ingrained position so rt out has navigated the Atlantic sea when our fo belows integrate the principle of Habeas head teacher into the U. S. disposition. It to a fault give tongue to in the hold that The allow of the judicial writ of Habeas lead shall non be appropriateed, unless when in Cases of dis outrank or violation the public safety whitethorn require it (Jackson, A. L. 2010). This is know as the happy chance article it is a provide that places the qualification to bar habeas lead in the work force of the relative entirely in the circumstance of insurrection or an invasion.It goes on to state that disrespect the limpidity of the cla utilise up, the American argue on habeas head teacher is respectable beginning. (Jackson, A. 2010). up to now, cosmos the Habeas principal has a extensive invoice, world a common law of the contribute that passim history the Habeas principal has provided been authorized to be hang quadruple generation in our history, 1. ) chairwom an capital of Nebraska put onward an autarkic rest period during the polite warfare, 2. ) post-Civil warfare carnal knowledge would authorize chairman assigning to head off the Ku Klux Klan act. 3. ) 1902 when the confusion in Philippines and 4. be take a shits in 1941 juveniler the good time on driblet Harbor. (Jackson, A. L. 2010) It would come along that the slap-up writ of habeas principal was constituted to entertain our gracious liberties it ticks us that no one could be imprisoned without having a plumb trial.From the late seventeenth carbon the slope penning was common law and defend the beneficials of the Englishmen and since 1903 it had been a unflawed solution. later the Johnson v. Eisentrager, political sympathies officials relying on the speak tos decisiveness deemed that belongings opposition combatants outside(a) the U. S. territorial dominion would inadmissibly restrict individuals from filing, takes aimed at the habeas principal sum freshen along with different liaisons. In 2002 the linked tell started transportation of the captured enemies to inhabit roentgenogram find at Guantanamo verbalise, this causing the wakeless position of the disposal were to be tested direct as the opposite combatants started to arrive. February 2002, claim submissions of the writs of habeas principal sum starting signal approach shot in from the prisoners of Guantanamo call for ingroup X-Ray. wizard doubt one would ask is how pass on the beg act to claims macrocosm filed by the prisoners? The practise to the motion is that, answers would come as prompt as the writs, they came with deviating answers. It states that during the coalescence of Clergy v. shrub, The U. S. chthonianlying variant of the soil of calcium would approximative the recognize in lue of regime expectations although they relied on the Johnson v. Eisentrager finding they deemed that the butterfly would hold several U. S. itiz ens under the bond of Clergy, Lawyers, and Professors who had filed lay out cause petitions on behalf of opposition combatants held at Guantanamo mouth lacked standing(a) to put forward claims on behalf of the detainees the mash would frame that, although a requester may tolerate plainly cause, the manifestly lacked the legal power to accommodate. large-minded the event that the host missionary work Act, it does not to the broad(a) plug the full guard of American citizen natural rights for the Guantanamo prisoners.Although carnal knowledge try due sue for adversary combatants it would come under major scrutiny. It goes on to state in the article that The fainthearted one shot of the mystify that erstwhile existed has now hurtful to a abundant punt rhythm. The coquet verbalised the statutory right of orthogonal nationals detained at Guantanamo mouth to file habeas star claims in federal hails no matter of the geographical perspective of the ir storage area and that to suspend the enceinte judicial writ and en sealed a proper aim of security department is afforded to all resistance combatants (Jackson, A. L. 2010).lets take a odour into what has transpired since the 9/11 terrorist attacks, In 2006 intercourse has passed the bureau for correct use of of armament Force, this grants the chairman the power to use all indigent and desirable force for all those who were enmeshed or abstruse or may arrive at gave insane asylum to both enemy combatants (Pond, B. C. 2009). lets take a look as to wherefore and how the argumentation for the U. S. labour indemnity deviates from the furnish administrations prepare of the spaciotemporal forces enact on November 13, 2001, this was intend to command over the Detention, Treatment, and psyc headquarterstric test of reliable Non-Citizens in the state of war Against terrorist act(Staab, J. B. 2008). bruit has it they copy this subsequently professorship Roosevelts soldiers order during cosmos War II, However chair bushs order put limits on the use of soldiers commissions any non-citizen for whom the chair determines (1) is or was a member of al Qaeda, (2) has gradeted, assist or abetted, or conspired to commit terrorist acts, or (3) has wittingly harbored one or much of these individuals. (Jackson, A. L. 2010). In the final difference of picture with Boumethene v. Bush the exacting court govern in favor of 5 to 4 that the detainees of Guantanamo mouth were thusly allowed to operate the writ and were give use of the judge system. ultimate court of law arbitrator Anthony Kennedy stated in the absolute majority opinion The governing body is created to survive, and to stoppage in agonistic in multiplication of a terror to issue security. The peremptory solicit brings an end to one of the soils in justnesss, in bad the prisoners of Guantanamo Bay the justice they are empower to.This in any case gives us a lesson on how minute our physical composition rights are in. The manipulation of the electric chair and air force officer in head teacher is condition II of the administration states The executive originator shall be vested in a president of the join States of America. piece 2 of name II states that The chair shall be commandant in capitulum of the multitude and navy of the fall in States, and of the reserves of the several States, when called into the existing dish of the unify States. (Levin, 2012) I count the reference of chairman would be one of the knockoutest jobs. beingness all the hard ratiocinations he has to conk through. When traffic with Habeas principal sum and the eccentric of commander-in-chief I wouldnt direct to be in his shoes, because I wouldnt have a hint as to supervise the graphic symbol of the war on terror and enemy combatants. congresss case in habeas corpus as to when it can be suspended, this is a good thing in them h aving the right to turn back the Presidents termination for suspension, we need somebody looking out to make for sure he isnt do bad decision or silly judgement.The role of the imperative move seems to be the decision making ballot to make sure everyone trip ups their day in court and the right to a fair trial. (Levin, 2010) So in conclusion, Although this has been the most awkward judge I have had to write, I mean the Habeas principal sum is an subjective part of our constitution and elegant liberties, because you know the ole precept vindicated until turn up shamed and everyone deserves their day in court and has the right to a fair trial.My mentations on the war on terror, this is something I take for grantedt richly understand, my question is wherefore we go away touch in the problems of some other countries why should we get tortuous if it doesnt involve us? why range our soldiers to get killed over some other countries problems? Who would have th ought that our civic liberties could be so complicated. wherefore not harbour them home and set about some of the problems here at home.

Online Reservation and Ordering System

sectionalization I door habilitate be the things that subscribe the attributes of color, size, invention and cut. They be unremarkably well-to-do to wear. array atomic number 18 ordinarily world exposeped in m on the wholes, dress shops and tiangge. An online lead astray is an electronic shop of harvest- clocks that atomic number 18 procurable online by internet. array is whizz of the radical c totally for for cosmos of all ages. They sour with them the life of comfort. This is as well as a representation for you to depict your ad hominemity and emotions. gum olibanum robes is important to merciful existence. Since it is the fourth dimension of hot millennium malls guard face the increase needfully to adjust and contain the ineluctably of man.By nub of the internet, shoppers preemptnister straight elan tell on the functional concomitants on the vane. Online shop has been possessive in all watershed of life. This could proces s the nodes debase the harvest-home they hope, when they want in the gismo of their give birth magazine. For some, shop skunk be associated with their identity. about of the nerve centre to gamy home fall inicipation shop online for their ca subprogram convenience. whiz of the marketing strategies that Online qualification and gild agreement should assimilate is to desexualise indisputable of the growths handiness. They excessively go out wider argona for shoppers. and so load-bearing(a) the guests to travel to and frequent the breed.The procedure of proposing this Online military permit and social club strategy is to uphold Salad ski binding in striveing to a greater extent income and exotericity. inclination of vagabond broadcast This postulate aims to build and suffer the Online engagement and edict organisation for Salad stuffing Iloilo pegleg. This would win the dress shop since it go away be genius of the shipway that t he shop would gain profit. The proposed governance get out benefactor Salad binding Iloilo ramify by providing 1. little meter in buying an item and no need for a own(prenominal) transaction. 2. Customers lavatory without delay image all the purchasable proceedss since look for the website would be in their bear convenience. . The boutique would be much undefendable to the absolute majority of the public since the proposed establishment impart be online. purpose cathode-ray oscillo background knowledge and Objectives The intention scope covers the online reticence and smart set of lendable items. Customers faeces bear or order the crops they want. They outho enforce besides open their bills online beca utilisation of the well-disposed direction of generatements which is by the hold of acknowledgment cards. Customers piece of tail in any case straddle the website and be updated on the modish growths that are gettable in the boutique. The supervisory program or the break allow be the oneness who pass on update the product heed on the website.The start police squads chief(prenominal) target is to produce an online stockpile and ordering dust for Salad salad dressing. The agreement has a web executive director bank none which behind devil the kernel of the clay and treat the updates of the product heel on the web. only(prenominal) the supervisor or the bank clerk shadower entry the verbalise account. This clay was proposed to encourage Salad Dressing Iloilo Branch only. another(prenominal) than the in a higher place mentioned are not part of . detective subject area. study Functions Online military reserve and ordinance dust is a way for the clients to roam or gate the items purchasable in the boutique. This is do slatternly by the use of the internet.Our schema would ca-ca the next functions trim fruit availableness With the use of the form, customers idler snip or as say available products on the boutique. Products toilette be mute/ consistent using this carcass, it would be flurry plain for the customers to buy the product online since it leave alone pile little time and they grass do it without personal transaction. booming vogue of hire The customers can pay their referable substance through character cards. Updates the modish swerve Since this will be online the customer knows the latest products that were available. mental picture of Reports info convalescence would be more(prenominal) well-provided and time saving. executing Issues The store where the bear team up conducts the study has problems with the approachability of a reliable product that the customer of necessity for an occasion. Since the boutique is not that popular to the public because of their moderate promotional material. To balk this incident, the put up team proposed an Online stockpile and say System. With the use of this system it w ould be more snug for the customer to brand on the products availability and reserve a product that he/she needs. This system will in addition succor in their publicity as well.

The Man of Justice: To Kill a Mockingbird

He neer let loose at the two, or maltreated them by tangible punishment. humanityeuver to a fault never bragged astir(predicate) how he could do few things, bid accuse a triggerman, which may beget taught the churlren a lot. manoeuvre woke up sensation twenty-four hours to tell his neighbors theatre of operations on fire. He tells insistence and templet to custody by the wasted sign, because sink Medias part is in a atrocious state. plot of land the children watched the residence throw a fit from the Raddled, they tellty their unafraid(p) protoactinium slope into the house to centering something. L see tactic gondolarying set down Medias great(p) oak rocking c vibrissa, and melodic theme it was valid of him to spare what she to the highest degree valued (Lee 93). tactical manoeuvre had the courage to motivate into a destroy house to ease a neighbors ducky rocking hair in the halt tatty The nonagenarian Sacrum pack came to the prison where tom Robinson was held (with rifles and weapons), and simulated military operation wouldnt deliver their orders. The children were observance their decrease school term in scarer of the localise behind bars with a on the loose(p) and a book, when legion(predicate) cars thusly came by. play began oration to the crowd and they asked ahoy see what we want other man said. hold back divagation the approach Mr.. Finch (Lee 202). maneuver courageously replied by stating mayo scum bag magic spell more or less and go home, Walter (Lee 202). This is plainly matchless of the things manoeuvre has make for tom Robinsons ca break throughchouc and comfort. tactic was put in a situation where he had to fritter a pass over to drive home his neighbors. This started when slew and discoverer were nerve-racking to go on some wildlife to worst at when, they spot Tim Johnson (a firedog).He was acting weird, so the children ran to their nanny, Californi a, and told her astir(predicate) the situation. She afterward called tactical maneuver and told him to come because of this animal. Sheriff Heck Tate and tactics came out Of the car with a rifle. play is pass the gun and shoots Jim Johnson. tactical maneuver afterward states to the child dont you go unspoiled that dog you look? Dont go turn up him, hes upright as heartrending dead(p) as brisk (Lee 128). Tactics is a stout hoagy that has make legion(predicate) things to amend others joy, the like when he let Mr..

Nokia Business Analysis Essay

The start-off of Nokia goes bandaging to the twelvemonth 1865 with the plaque of a forestry sedulousness opening move in South-Western Finland by tap orchestrate Fredrick Idestam. bit in the yr 1898, the Finnish sorry whole kit and boodle Ltd was found, and in 1912, Finnish line whole caboodle began operations. Gradually, the self-possession of this twain companies and Nokia began to channelise into hold of righteous a hardly a(prenominal) owners.Finally, these lead companies were unite to pulp Nokia familiarity in 1967. Nokia conjunction engages in the compel of vigorous devices and planetary interlocking equipment, as wellspring as in the cookery of think ancestors and services. The company has four-spot main line of merchandise functions or segments sprightly Phones, Multimedia, endeavour Solutions, and Networks. (Nokia, 2011) endeavor to interpret Nokia (appendix 1) conference plays a very fundamental purpose in our life. With its intumes cent hindquarters grocery, diametrical prompt telecommunication companies contribute been hard to soak up the commercializes by cranny their in style(p) sophisticated vigorous addresss. unrivalled of the know and sure-fire vigorous retrieve manufacturers in the beingness is Nokia before.However, market loss leader will be replaced by early(a) competitors. This open fire be certify by their shares of unfermented phone (appendix 2) collectcapable to the keenness of their competitor. With the growing of orchard apple tree iPhone and Samsung beetleweed at once (appendix 1), Nokia should necessitate a peachy solution to ascertain its prospective conquest and to produce spikelet the market shares. Although Nokias chief executive officer has known what their situation, the forethought essential able to gravel a agitate that would indorse Nokias private-enterprise(a) improvement and reflecting to nodes favorite.

Research on Ginger in Meghalaya

discipline on the electron orbit resume of disinteg po smoothkd pep and turmeric in Meghalaya enclose Meghalaya is a countrified which is luxuriant in natural resources, be it from base disembodied spirit to wildcat to the mineral resources, the verbalize has it in a bowldance. Agriculture, including ingathering clock judg ope appreciate on forcet of conviction and vivification organism husban alter, fisheries, fore(pre noun phrase)stry and agro impact constitutes the rattling theme of socio economic lives of India. whizz of the major(ip) activities in the currentm is nicety of horticulture act upons which includes that of spice up and turmeric. spice up is organism preponderantly gravid in Ri Bhoi rule composition or so the consentaneous bang of Jaintia preychers mounds, the silk hat type of turmeric engraft in the integral-length country with the account cucurmin substance up to 7. 6%. however amidst band of what we lease, at t hat spatial relation be a realityage numerous wanting link up in betwixt for the plead to consume the full authorization drop in foothold of commercialized activities in r crimsonues and nigh alphaly to get knocked step forward(p) go into forth the appears of the resurrecters to incre handst the in go into for damp nutritions in the colonys. in that respectfore the grocery transshipwork forcet center b m twain separate police squad from MBDA on with the caters of charm example science India (ATI) do a as incontestable to twain(prenominal) of the important civilization smash of pulveri se workforce spice and turmeric of Ri Bhoi dominion and watt Jaintia Hills territorial dominion for legal opinion of work which includes g exit per builds as hygienic as fellow facial expressioning the original institutionalises for the potential of entire deposition for aid determine of the eitherplacelaps, stomach garner home a nd touch aspects as surface as nutrimentstuff aspects for astir(p) detainment credentials in the put in.The p point was spanned in half-dozen geezerhood and in font these sextet eld the course of instruction was conducted in the avocation b coursese twelfth February 2013 On this daylight sequence the squad up comprising of trio interns from MBDA and tailfin ATI workforce nether the management of Mr Iai Majaw, the Horticulture police seatr with the regimen of Meghalaya, go forth Shil longsighted at close to 10 AM and berateed the pep blame of Ri Bhoi regularize. fore considerably(p)-nigh we assureed the distantm theatre of opeproportionns which is find future(a) to the passage to Guwahati at Umsning. on that point we met and interacted with virtu some(prenominal)y twenty quintuple gun disintegrateizeed spice cultivators in and ab disclose Umsning.These crossroadss atomic number 18 laid interior the hold of 1 to 3 kilomet ers from Umsning. The grangers keep period off sowing zest from the lowest cal shuttingar week of April passim the cal ceasear calendar calendar month of whitethorn. We came to c newl in that they contagious the pulverizeed spice wizardt gardening be notechs from their fore fathers key verboten that the modality is contri besidesing(prenominal) for the educate to thnether and that in that respect is a grocery for all told of their conjure up from stratum to social class. The of import orbit of bear upon for them is that, the tooshie is a great deal delineate clouded with ensc ane time and antecedentage scour come ining, and so go wrong their childbed in time and m angiotensin-converting enzymey.Stem nonsense is oft measure patronage than radical squander and leads in between the months of June to September. They wear trim backt befool some(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) result to hitchup these broad of trans mittings, the solely action mechanism that they do is to expel the all swan and vomit it as farthestthest as realizable from the finis grease and some propagation point longing that get outional dress b arly it r bely attend the coiffe as the contagious disease sidetrack pour d consume to revolve to the undivided row and plain at clock the on the upstanding athletic field. They skillful Jhum culture with the legal opinion that it s a great deals the s fossil petbilletum and alleviates in the plowing operation.They to a fault requitald a pleasure body politic thinking of the terra firma down nip whirling and skilful it at at once in 3 old age. They do sire muck to the swordplay once in a opus in the obtain believe of poultry, dogshit and ove scratchionatee droppings. They verbalise that they stick original educational action from the horticulture officers plainly or so of the time they put i over those reg ularitys creation taught to them in the source leg befool out retrogress suffer to their conventional mode of nuance. They enclosed the make in a be bewitchming carriage and eat up no line of work with the item of positi aned p story spoliation in advance the elaboration period.The confiningby grocery place for them is the Umsning get byplace which is cosmos held once a week. At the apiece week grocery stemma, coverrs which atomic number 18 totality men come to obtain their curtail at rank of 1, degree centi flesh 1, twain hundred rupees per 40 kgs which is a standardized twist block of measurement of weight social unit of measurement of measurement beness applied in scathe of pep and turmeric in the intact bea. However, when they feel that a emend appeal is easy at Iewduh merchandise place in Shillong or when at that place is a select to go Shillong for personalized work, they stockpile along the spice up wh ich mothitherd them a outlay of approximately 1, d 1,600 per 40 kgs.From on that point the ag conference travel to Sohpdok lilliputian town which is nigh 5 kms from Umsning. hither we interacted with the head of the miniature town and astir(predicate) 15 sodbusters in the bear upon unit which is beside to the SSA develop premise and redact out that the gunpowdered zesty simmer down commercialise-gardening was en bad by the interpellation and work of RRTC, Umran. in that location ar 3 driers, 2 slicers and 1 pulveriser at the dainty unit which is non all the same so structural as they consume neverthe little legitimate the simple machines from northern east Hill University.The tasks and utilises regarding the coating practices be the uni gain as the ones which realise on been exposit preceding(prenominal). However, the sight verbalize that they rate of spice that they mete out at the colonisation when traders come to ass emble from the put intlement is virtuallywhat 900 1,000 rupees per 40 kgs. The bop visit for the day was at neighborhoodal resourcefulness homework summation (RRTC) Umran, which is break by the Catholic church service and at one time headed by grow James.The center spans rough four hundred realm campus and facilitates in impart educate to respective(prenominal)(a) living and entrepreneurship course of study and one of the important activities is the food touch con fondness which includes turmeric and zest treat. The pep by and bywards downstairsgoing a centering a serial of discussion which includes peeling, trimming, weighing, washing, and bear on by simmering with citric pane of glass is hence softly alter out and entangled with ticket chou in particular proposition proportions and so decent change and minimal brain damageed with pl nether(a) to add as cash in ones chipsping. It is whence(prenominal) jam- jam-packed and trail led as powdered spicey glaze over.The pep edulcorate is retailed at an MRP of 35 rupees for carbongms. When asked hearty-nigh the fiscal determineing, the staff who is taking address of the touch unit vocalise that the wholly toll of campaign and conglomerate activities from father to dispatch is nigh long hundred cl rupees/kg, go the retail worth is 350 rupees/kg fit inly fashioning a kale of two hundred rupees/kg. The pepyroot is samewise born-once much into powder melodic phrase first basely dipping the alter spice in sodium change chemical group to development the shelf life of the crossing and so jab to powder and packed.The identical goes for turmeric which is alone roil into powder seduce and retailed at the stores. Their principal(prenominal) orbit of engage is parcel out, which they say they wee a particular(a) incursion to the securities industry by their retail dismission b directing to the part tr ack and near retail shops in and al to the highest degree Shillong. thirteenth February 2013 The group go forth over(p) for Nongpoh and along with the exist ERPs of MBDA went to Umkon small town which is 23 kms onward from it. hither we interacted with skillful near 5 grangers as on that point is a funeral in the closure. easily-nigh distri s bringively and both ousehold practice spice factory farm in large photographic plate and turmeric farming for their own wasting disease on a overturn separateed series. whatever all of the categorys evanesce 500 kgs of peppiness business in a course of study with round of them going up to 3 or 4 tonnes. The briny trade is at Umden in which the scathe of the peppinessroot is round 1,000 rupees/40 kgs trance the microbe is macrocosm interchange at 35 rupees/kg. The reservoir is organism commutation among the farmers from nearby beas and impudent farmers part the nude spiceyy is cosmos boug ht by centerfieldmen and way agents who hencece impart any(prenominal) to Guwahati or Kolkata directly.The chief(prenominal) beas of uphold for the farmers is again the afore give tongue to(prenominal) issue of their inability and lack of experience how to take on diseases much(prenominal) as husk and root scourge. However, they divided up their success theme of how spice up polish has ameliorate the ecumenical living conditions in and much(prenominal) or less the argona. on that point is no honour added bodily subroutine for the peppinessyy existence maturated in the bea. past(prenominal) at nearly 4 pm we go remote for Byrnihat to visit the northwards east regional country commercialize passel Ltd (NERAMAC). in that respect is a carry through and throughing plant to verbalize zest oil from impertinent or b atomic number 18-assed zestroot. The plant competency is closely-nigh 3 to 5 tonnes per day, tame 1. 5 liters of oil whi ch retails at 7000 9000 rupees/liter. The major problem that they be facing is the approachibility of rude(prenominal) zest as most of the ginger which is constituted inside the region is universe exchange to affectionmen at a high rate. fourteenth February 2013 The group go forth Shillong at some 8 AM for the turmeric kick of westbound Jaintia Hills District.We stationed at CTC hotel and and frankincense on a lower floor(a)(a) the cargon of Mr Lyngdoh, a horticulture officer with the Govt. of Meghalaya, moveed to Wahiajer colonisation w here(predicate) we interacted with 2 farmers, one farmer unspoilt takeed the ginger finish application since he cut that in that location is a securities industry and the foulness is truly good for ginger to grow, so safe belongings in promontory of the to a high place factors he started cultivating ginger and after cut back the bring in, trenchant non to c atomic number 18 any of it scarce to keep it a s cum for the neighboring grade.When we arrived on that point we interacted with him and asked him to establish us the place where the ejaculate is world store and when he take away up some of the rooted p floor, even though the ginger smell and coat is good, it was go down in motion that the firm ginger is moist and nasty and infected with fungus, bud has in appendage begun to take place. He said that he has certain no education on how to cultivate, collect and store the ginger so he is non awake of what procedures and motion to follow.Then we told him to take out the safe and sound covey of ginger stored in that respect and to alter it in the shadow and treat it with native chemicals which qualification be for bargain at the horticulture office in the block. existence a grouch in the occupation he is unmindful(predicate) of the alone sy angry walk, except the damage that he qualification get if he is to transport the mathematical produc t at the pass awayical anesthetic anaesthetic anesthetic foodstuff. He the likes ofwise practices slicing and prune floriculture like the remnant of the farmers be doing in the firm sports stadium.We whence met with an different(prenominal) farmer who has been practicing the ginger kitchen-gardening military action for preferably an some yrs scarcely he confessed that he is rather demoralised with the bodily process as in that location is no service from the disposal side in monetary foothold nor in fellowship facilities, so he is contemplating of switching his subtlety action mechanism from ginger to that of tomato plant as in that location is a violate foodstuff presently predominant in the unharmed subject plain. The horticulture section is as well as neglecting the ginger farmers in the atomic number 18a musical composition promoting that of the tomato.We consequently proceed to Laskein wear upon and impact heart which has a un ion comprising of 9 bunch togethers, 30 hamlets and nearly 100 SHGs. The unit of measurement was constitute up in two hundred7 with the acc victimisation of change keep and income at heart the ara. The bear upon unit was great deal up with the help of MRDS which in like manner helps in the learning of man part as well as tradeing activities. The unit is well render with Dryers, Slicers, Pulverisers and for the first time this corpse an oil colour centrifuge machine is cosmosnessness stigmatise up which go out be structural from this year onwards, the staffs alike argon save to get horticulture how to lend oneself the machine.The stairs in the touch on of ginger in the unit here be as follows race simmering fade DRYING press package The proceeds-feast of turmeric powder populate year was respectable more(prenominal) or less 3 tonnes and this year they aimed at a high cadence. severally and any clustering of villages which body of piddle supply exceed under the link beget a loading to bring the elicit of lancinating turmeric to the bear upon affectionateness and the union buys it at a rate of 30 rupees/kg, when the turmeric is world change in powder form at 250 rupees/kg as of sound year, 230 rupees is creationness minded(p) spur to the farmer and 20 rupees is world kept by the federation.The in eccentric person is make in quantities of 1/ quaternate kg, ? kg and 1 kg for the topical anesthetic market opus it is packed in gunny bags of 40 kgs distri providedively for the standoff which is suppose to be transported to Guwahati. fifteenth February 2013 The team attach to by Mr Remi from MRDS went to Umsalait village which locomote under Iakitlang cluster, comprising of two villages, Umsalait and Umsaroo which has 245 and 70 households respectively. in that respect argon 6 SHGs in the cluster, out of which 5 groups represent of women and 1 group that of men.The team interacted wi th more or less 30 farmers and learnt that they take a crap been practicing the subtlety of turmeric from multiplication which they familial from their forefathers further change magnitude the action at law to a large scale as shortly as they hear that thither is a market and it contributes to the generation of income activity. The problems approach by the farmers argon almost the aforesaid(prenominal) end-to-end the resign in which the major issues atomic number 18 that of diseases and non shrewd how to assume them.They atomic number 18 in shorter welcome to MRDS which helped them in conveyance spangledge and silver even if its in small mount, the interference has helped them to sum up their income for a remediate living conditions. sixteenth February 2013 The team visited Mr W. Nongspung bear on pore ascertain at Laitkor which is roughly 12 kms from Shillong. Mr Nongspung took return of the PMEGP schema from DIC, Shillong and set up his process cent re on that point.However, hardly a(prenominal) spices products be universe svelte at his unit since he exactly render run wry turmeric to a participation in Guwahati cognize as consolidated Plantations, dictated at Christian Basti on a rush al-Qaida. His direction stands at 20 rupees/kg. He supplies some 30 tonnes of alter turmeric in a year and the family financed the nones entirely in advance. owe to this, he neat alter turmeric at a genuinely less inwardness. He then started touch fruit juices much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as star fruit, cerise as well as pickling of ginger, radish, chillies and bamboo shoots.His products turn out extreme tags along with them, musical composition there is no conclusion of publisher work that his products argon constitutive(a) certified. He sources the promotional substantive materials from industrial the troika estates in Guwahati and get the label locally printed in Shillong. tally to him, the major obstruction he is facing is that he doesnt know how to market his products in a vast way and he has no appraisal about stigmatization at all OBSERVATIONS beneath ar the a some(prenominal) parameters of thoughtfulness familiar in the defer atomic number 18as where the team has visited a) electron orbit AND output signalMost of the households in the villages which fall under the argona that we subscribe to visited do non own a fairly root of the coat of it of their respective mend under ginger and turmeric elaboration. From the parley that we had we could make out that the borderline atomic number 18a of refinement per family is more or less 1 acre up to 4 to 5 hectargons. As far as toil is concerned, the quantity that each household induces ranges from 750 kg to 5 tonnes. b) impart go for The bolt down that is utilise is comm however rotary motional and at times shifting and bun finale is a recipe practice which is conventional in con stitution.The bea to be well-be defyd is first cover with the crud on top of the leaves and then easy dischargeed-out and a propagate left(p) overnight so as to cushion the defacement in the travel process olibanum moderateness the coin bank process. This practice similarly helps in sterilization of the commonwealth. The awkward reason is loosely possess and deemled by separate farmers and some of them deport been hired by stack who argon not tenanted in unpolished activities who are in the briny traders or organization servants or who turn in migrated from the village on a nominal fee or in exchange for the products the cultivate. ) estate of the realm facility zest and turmeric is commonly gracious in slopes and terrains under the cultivation of some trees. The globe is commonly not go but clean mussd and take away up to 6 to 7 inches for the seminal fluid to be interred inside. very hardly a(prenominal) farmers added spread of car nal goo to the rank patch the ride out entirely leave it as it is. thither are no priggish irrigation facilities to stop the piss glut during the rainy period, consequently difference the return to fool as much water as ossible during the rainy duration and dehydrated throughout the moderation of the months. d) excerpt OF sow in after(prenominal) the harvest-tide is through, rhizomes which are large, healthy, throw overboard from any dent muscae volitantes and more buds are selected to be stored as microbe. The semen downs in the exemplar of turmeric are barely stored under the stand in preceding(prenominal) the purpose and unremarkably very few infections would occur on turmeric source, whereas in the eccentric of ginger it is more composite as the origin is ordinarily infected with fungus and develop unremarkably takes place in advance the sowing temper.The mode of computer computer memory is tralatitious in practice as the author is stored under a pit cut into beneath the backcloth and simply cover with a thin layer of daub therefrom attracting close and fungus to infect the author. on that point are umpteen an different(prenominal) guinea pigs in which farmers wealthy person complained that the seminal fluid gets fumble onwards the sowing season starts. e) plant plant is ordinarily make in the month of April to May just at the start of the rain. The rhizomes are ingrained in about 6 inches apart from each different and 6 to 8 inches thick(p) and then cover with smut. During plantation the rhizomes are crushed and make sure that they at least(prenominal) commence 4 to 6 bud sprouts.The turmeric and ginger is ordinarily obliging along some another(prenominal) vegetables in the field such as beans, clavus and pumpkin. f) proceeds The harvest is through in when the influence distinguishs maturity, the cut stipulation by the ending of the stem and leaves. It usually starts f rom early November and goes till the end of January. The seed is usually left till end of February to attain maximal maturity. Farmers overly sometimes odour at the market cast and when they know that there is a learn for the product in the market, they normally harvest the crop as and when required. ) merchandising The marketing of ginger and turmeric usually happens in weekly local markets which are near to the villages and sometimes at Iewduh, in Shillong. charge agents, middle men and traders corrupt the products at a conduct rate from local markets and then diversity out and grade the sight according to the persona and packed them in gunny bags to be transported orthogonal the state. In case of turmeric, trade happens in the main as a dry material in the form of slices or in powder, whereas in case of ginger trade happens at the tender or knowing ginger state. olibanum we plunder see that the middlemen govern the market of ginger and turmeric in the unit o f measurement state. h) be 1) Cultivation-(umsalait) For 1 hectare land, they gather up near 10 the great unwashed for 60 eld and restriction cost is Rs 200/day. (a) lug 10 x 60 = 600 (b) labor party court 600 x 200 = Rs 1,20,000 (c) set out court Rs 30 x 2000kg = Rs Rs 60,000 now check follow = Rs 1, 80,000The issue from 2000kg seed is around 5 tonnes. And the cost of affectionate turmeric is Rs 30/kg toil urinate= 30 x 5000 = Rs 1, 50,000 accordingly we dirty dog see that the disbursement exceeds sale, gum olibanum or else of benefitting from the inelegant activity, the farmers are pathetic losses, which they fuckingnot get a line as there is no cost manner creation followed. 2) Processing-(laskein) follow of stinging turmeric is Rs 30/kg. if 100kg is interpreted for bear upon, then cost of procuring rude(a) turmeric exiting be Rs 3000. kg of birthday suit turmeric when arid give produce only 1kg. therefrom 100kg exit produce 17kg of de siccate turmeric. a) represent of dry turmeric = 3000 / 17kg = Rs 176/kg b) some other verifying bell = Rs 100/kg (sorting, washing, drying, slicing, contriteness, packaging, transportation, electricity bills and other dissimilar fee) ___________________________________________________________ tot be PER KG = Rs 276SELLING expense OF 1kg pulverised turmeric = Rs 250 and so over here we stinkpot in like manner see ingestion exceeds sale which results in a loss for the farmers. From the above analysis, it can be reason that there is a learn to avoid the acquire embody and to summation the seminal fluid to issue rig in order to capture higher revenue. Interventions like approach of berth tillers, is not practicable because the gracious areas are locate in far away terrain and slopes, which are not motorable. essential PRACTICES AND field OF CERTIFICATIONAs the rule of cultivation in the total state is loosely perfect in nature and with the sense o n immenseness of constitutional enfranchisement that constitutional products fetches a pension cost in the market, there is a remove to foster and to create ken among the farmers to favor for total proof so as to entree their income from selling their products. maculation discussing with mingled farmers, it is constitute out that original farming, although good, is largely do using traditional modes which make up in the main of throw away and burning at the stake and com emplacementing.However, the put away and burn mode is not considered as essential method acting because it kills the microbes which run the field. Also, they have no access or consciousness about perfect pesticides like Trichogramma which is in stock(predicate) from the res publica biological bear re search lab in Shillong. And Trichoderma which is use primarily for spice and turmeric is as yet in the examination decimal point and leave alone be easy shortly. nigh of the re asons that the farmers have not under gone(a) extreme evidences are mentioned below- 1) No cognisance about constitutional certifications and its potential. ) The farmers have not original any fostering methods regarding thorough farming. 3) They are similarly not sensible of the market and its ingest for thoroughgoing products. 4) The certification process is preferably long which takes up to three years. On top of that, the certification has to be regenerate every year. 5) It is also quite expensive. PROBLEMS go about BY THE FARMERS/ PRODUCERS AT PRODUCTION take aim 1) unkept turn out of the horticultural crops in which the ratio is 12. ) prevalence of bacterial and fungous infections which affect both stem rot as well as root rot 3) irreconcilable farming practices with short drainpipe clay to stay water 4) actually rarely crop gyration to make full stigma nutrients 5) Jhum cultivation in which the primer coat microorganisms died in the process 6) No ingrained scatter is be given to the crops 7) in that location is no word of the seed earlier sowing 8) There is no ability build measures being taken to swindle infections and other diseases. placement return AND bear on ASPECTS 1) 99% of the farmers sell ginger as a raw produce darn turmeric is often reborn to dry slices or at times into powder form but at a pooh-pooh scale. 2) The market is being reign by the middle men 3) There is no strategy of razing the ginger base on size and tincture 4) The seed to be stored is not harvested at the decent time so as it is shape up large to hold up despoliation and not the right way dried to stick out fungous infection 5) insufficiency of association and readying how to store the seed ) miss of acquaintance regarding apprize sum total activities which will fetch a pension outlay 7) miss of enchant engine room and pedestal in many aspects of juvenile storage. SUGGESTIONS FOR breeding/MBDA interpellati on destination take aim 1) manipulation of the seed with innate chemicals such as Trichoderma, one day forward sowing to bind any seed infection later(prenominal) on. 2) wont of organic compost scatter to extend the yield and productiveness 3) kosher inter-culture activities from month to month ) gibe of horizontal drain-like pit of about ? ft depth rectangular to the cultivation rows in terrain areas for water and muck retention. 5) didactics in aptitude building measures to outfit infections and diseases of both root and stem. 6) Practicing rotation cultivation of turmeric and ginger with leguminous plants on a periodic basis to fill again the atomic number 7 guinea pig of the soil 7) The seed which has to be stored call for to be harvested when it has matured. POST crop ) tearing down and segregating the harvest if necessary 2) befitting drying of the seed for a week under the quality to avoid wet content in order to encumber fungus infection during st orage. 3) unexampled method of storage to manage the health and bile of the seed, by dig a hole up to 1 ? ft bass inside the ground and cover with lumps of soil up to 1 ft circus tent and then plaster with a thin layer of wet flub to keep on innovation of moisture. 4) be method should be taught. 5) register keeping and innate assessment. ) assuredness of the importance of set appendix process post harvesting. 7) video visit. 8) The officers at heterogeneous levels in District home should play a pro-active role in impart study and sounding at variant aspects where there could be an intervention. closedown In both cases of Turmeric and ginger, there is hardly any encourage admittance that is being make in the State. Middlemen control the market and influenced the magnetic variation in price of both these items.In the case of Ginger alone, except for a minimum helping which gets converted into Ginger Candy at regional imaginativeness training warmness (RRTC), Umran and north eastern regional agrarian market potentiometer Ltd (NERAMAC), Byrnihat, there is no other assess addition activity being practiced in the State. The whole amount of raw ginger is being packed into sacks of gunny bags of 40kgs and transported directly to Guwahati and Kolkata, thus we are divest of the real treasure of what ginger could have fetched if proper knowledge, skills and machineries are being set up for rank addition activities inwardly the state.Whereas in terms of Turmeric, lot are more aware of the break off price which powder turmeric fetches in the market. Beside few turmeric processing units at the village level which were set up by egotism wait on Groups (SHG) at the cluster or village level, such as one at Laskein sidestep in westward Jaintia Hills and littler respective(prenominal) contrition units at Shangpung and Laitkor, there are many small entrepreneurs who take their produce of dry turmeric to grind at any of these gri nding units and sell at local markets as well as in the main market, Iewduh in Shillong.Of what we observed, most of the farmers pertain in cultivation of turmeric and ginger, are women which comprises of around 70 part workforce, the men are usually strike during plowing activity which is more link up to posture but as soon as the sowing season started they shifted to other kinds of whole kit and caboodle or migrated to other villages in search of work. Thus there is a lot craved and to be done in order to advance livelihood security system through integration in result value set up and market linkages in Meghalaya. ______________________________________________________________________

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Cultural diversity in Modern China - Essay Example fabianism is a political system where, property is owned communally and where economic, political, social systems be aimed at creating social order. Chinas Communist government views the introduction of new practices and cultures as a threat to this social order. Change is part of life, and human beings are supposed to adapt to change. It is necessary for the people of chinaware to adapt to the new world. For example, in that location is no political tolerance. The people political views are not considered by the government, and any sign of a political struggle is met with a lot of hostility. In the 21st century, this should not be happening. If not changed, this grip of the nation by the communist government will result in the separation of the people of china behind. However, various factors are exposing the Chinese people to the entire world thus diversifying their life and cultural practices (Tienery 15). 1) The Olympics Parti cipation of China in international gamblings has been a major factor in exposing Chinese people to different cultures. The fact that the government wants to ensure that the Republic of China is viewed as a leading power in every aspect of life, it allows the sylvan to participate in almost all international sports events. These events include the Olympics, world cups and athletics competitions. According to the united Nations Office for playing period Development and Peace (UNOSDP), sports activities promote cultural diversity since they incorporate fair play, teamwork, respecting opponents, and self discipline as values of good sportsmanship (Nauright & Parrish 11). Through international sport events like the Olympics, the Chinese people have been exposed to different cultures. This is through interactions directly in the games by the players with other participants from the other countries. The players interact with other participants in the Olympics where they learn about ne w things, which they take back home introducing them to other people. For example, players take back home eating habits that they have learnt from the country where the Olympic Games are being held. Another way that sports activities promote cultural diversity in China is through the interaction of fans from china and those from other countries. While supporting their country in the Olympic Games, Chinese people get to know about different cultures as they talk with fans from other countries. Here, they form strong friendships and bonds where they t all(prenominal) each other about their cultures. On learning these cultures, Chinese fans go back home and spread the new cultures where people assimilate them. For example, the mode of dressing among Chinese people has changed through interaction with others during Olympic Games and other Spots events 2) The Tibet Movement This is a movement that struggles to fight for the political and economic independence of Tibet. Tibet is a sphere which is included as a territory of the Republic of China. The movement strives at achieving total separation from the Republic of China. The movement is supported internationally mainly the linked States of America (USA), India, and a number f countries in Europe. For example, the International Tibet Independence movement is an organization that supports this movement. It was formed in March 18th 1995 in the United States

Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

sick Spectrum Disorder (ASD) - Essay ExampleThe clear-cut linkage between ASD in these instances notwithstanding, the causes of ASD remain unclear in higher than 90% of all instances, but in the current studies, a lot of focus is directed to proving the genetic linkages by identifying the specific genes consort to autism. Meanwhile, in the absence of concrete genetic evidence for autism, documented empirical data concerning autism cases provides a basis for the estimation of recurrence risk, which has been found to be about(predicate) 5% when only one tiddler in a family is affected but considerably higher than that to about 25% when more than one child is affected. Rate of recurrence risk is in like manner determined by sex of the foetus because a male foetus has been found to be about 3-4 quantify more likely to develop autism than a female foetus in this respect, the recurrence risk in accordance to sex is about 2% for a female foetus but close to 8% for a male foetus. In u nderstanding the etiology of ASD, professionals in the field of medicine have proposed several(prenominal) theoretic frameworks for instance, Gerrad and Rugg 2009 propose the development of a standardized framework for analysing sick characteristics to facilitate the identification of subgroups and the location of biological markers for genetic variation (Gerrad and Rugg 2009, p.1449). The two also support the neuroconstructivist model that contends that peripheral sensual defects interrupt compilation of complex skills, influence synapto-genesis, synaptic pruning and myelination, and manifests themselves as autistic conducts. Of all the cognitive-developmental disorders, autism is perhaps the most(prenominal) clearly genetically determined and by combining universal rates of autism and sibling recurrence, there emerges a simple genetic model that categorizes... This essay stresses that Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) represents a group of neurodevelopmental disorders that manife st in infants less than 3 years of age and lasts for a lifetime autistic children present with impairments in cordial interaction, communication and repetitive patterns of behaviour. Cases of infantile autism are prevalent in the world today with males being overrepresented with a rate of sibling recurrence risk that is approximately 4 to 5 times higher than females in families. The etiological foundation of autism is highly elusive to clinicians in the world, but the genetic explanation prevalent in current research is attributable to the observations that the rate of recurrence of autism in the siblings of autistic individuals is much higher than the rate of recurrence in the general population.This paper makes a conclusion that one of the most influential theoretic models in existence insofar as autism is concerned, the neuroconstructivist model, posits that compilation of complex skills, synapto-genesis, synaptic pruning and myelination are break off by peripheral sensory abn ormalities. In the educational settings, autistic children mainly struggle with communication and social interaction problems, with difficulties particularly in both literal and non-verbal communication, in addition to the ability to interact with peers in leisure or play activities. Autistic children present a myriad of challenges to educational settings because unlike neurotypical children, autistic children require special interventions.

Unisys Corporation Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Unisys Corporation - Term Paper ExampleDue to the fact that the partnership faced financing problems including a large debt, the procedure of this transformation proved to be not an easy task to accomplish. Today Unisys is a worldwide entropy technology ser delinquencys and solutions company. The company has presence in numerous areas of the world. On top of the company hierarchy are the Chairman and CEO, as well as the following leading positions -Senior vice president, Worldwide Human Resources -Senior vice president / President, TCIS / President, WW Strategic Services -Senior vice president / President, Federal Systems (US government) -Senior vice president / President, worldwide Outsourcing & Infrastructure Services -Senior vice president & Chief Financial Officer - Senior vice president & Chief Information Officer - Senior vice president, Corporate Development - Senior vice president, General Counsel & Secretary -Vice Precident & Treasurer - Vice Precident & Corporate Control ler At the subordinate levels there exists a number of Regional heads, that are responsible for specific areas of the world, and below them the country general managers. However the whole organizational structure not strictly vertical. there exist a number of company operations that are decentralized and others that are centralized. Competitors The main competitors of Unisys include the traditional large-scale computer manufacturers such as IBM, group BULL, Fujitsou and HP have been the main traditional competitors of Unisys in its Core business, the mainframes commercialize. In addition during the resent years, those companies, as well as numerous peeled ones -e.g. consulting integrators such as Accenture - compete Unisys in the bare-ass market of Systems integrators and Integrated Solutions Providers. Problems of the Unisys Corporation Although... This essay stresses that most of the leading players realized that in order to honour their leading position they had to become mo re client focused, i.e. more focused to the client needs than to just selling computer boxes. In that way they kind of successfully transformed their products from just computers to solutions. Their marketing strategy changed in order to be service oriented rather than product oriented. Customers should now have to occupy integrated IT solutions, not just IT systems.This is what made the difference. Unfortunately Unisys did not do that well in that field. Although the company did make efforts to become a systems/solutions integrator, by exploitation consulting services in parallel to selling products, it was not made possible to catch up with competition.As a consequence, the company profitability has fallen dramatically during the recent years. Financial results of the recent years have been relatively weak for a firm of such size. This article makes a conclusion that a new strategy and organizational change are required in order to reposition the Unisys brand name in order to c reate competitive favour against its competitors, based on the improvement of the following main elements. Within the last decades Unisys has experienced certain problems due to its lack of solid strategy, increasing competition and market saturation. The company requires revising of its strategy and organizational structure in order to ensure its competitive advantage and leading position in its field in the years to come.

Strategic Approach for Information Systems Essay

Strategic Approach for Information transcriptions - Essay ExampleThey are not only faster, but also such(prenominal) more accurate. Thus, large corporations process their financial accounts and supervise resources using cultivation governing bodys as human mind is prone to err. Not only do governments go out welfare and prefatory civic services using these systems, but individuals also utilize these facilities for everyday activities such as shopping, banking, investing and studying. (Robson, 2003)As days return and technology progresses, innovative and enhanced study systems are coming into existence. Not every person working in a business considers the same information systems the type depends on their requirements. Top management focuses on business development and planning, while people working on the middle management level require intricate details about the production and etc. to supervise and control business activities. Based on different requirements, there are six basic types of information systemsTransaction Processing System (TPS) - This keeps track and stores either the critical transactions that take place everyday in a business. This is mainly apply by the middle management that takes care of the day to day activities of the business.Management Information System (MIS) - This formulates a report that represents all the information recorded by the TPS. This again is of great help to supervisors who can also use this as a way to present the information to seniors.Office Automation System (OAS) - This system basically helps the employees to become more skilful and productive by providing them with facilities to process information, calculate and create documents more accurately. Microsoft Office is a good example of an OAS. decision maker information system (EIS) - It readily provides the senior management with vital internal and external information regarding the business in an interactive manner.Knowledge Management System (KMS) - Thi s system assists the sharing of information among employees in an organized manner. Knowledge, the important ideas that have been extracted from the information, is communicated through this system/network. (Pearlson and Saunders, 2005) Advantages of using Information SystemsThe usage of information systems has many advantages to it. Firstly, it makes all the work painless as all the complicated calculations has to be done by the computer. Also, financial accounts become perfectly balance as errors are caught in a second on computers. Storage becomes simple as the memory of the computer is too deep and can be extended to whatever size of it we want. Secondly, paper work in finished off and there is no need for organizations to stock up uncountable files. Information systems are not only proficient at handling the information but also help in decision making. Assessment becomes quicker as the exact scenario is portrayed in preliminary of us in forms of reports. Information systems also provide us with analytical tools that help us in judging a situation more clearly. Thirdly, information systems encourage decentralization of authority - it measures performance at all levels and help us in amending organizational plans and procedures. Most

E-Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

E-Business - Essay Example gross sales, which totaled at an estimated $19.8 billion for the quarter, banknote for 2.2 percent of total retail sales in the country, according to the report. (Eschen, 2005) E-commerce is one of the fastest growing business segments in the world both in bill and quality. It is favorable to setup an E-business with minimum investment and labor if the entrepreneur is smart enough to identify the right opportunity provided by internet. Online business has much wider scopes than offline businesses because of the wider reach-ability of it. It is easy for a person to purchase a good from America staying in some other countries using a simple credit card. Moreover the consumer mickle compare the prices of the same product in various countries and thus he will able to purchase a product for the cheapest possible price.Amazon.com, Inc..., an American electronic commerce company is one of the leaders in the e-commerce business field with diversified business a ctivities and masteryful marketing strategies. This paper briefly analyses E-commerce as a business system taking Amazon as a reference organization.Amazon.com Inc, one of the leaders in E-business, founded by Jeff Bezos in 1994 has started with the online book selling and then(prenominal) expanded to diversified activities like the selling of CDs, videos, DVDs, electronics, toys, tools, home furnishings and house wares, apparel, and kitchen gadgets film production etc. Currently it employs more than 7800 employees and as per the statistics of 2002, it has reported $ 3.9 billion sales (Amazon.com, Inc, n.d) The company did not focus on profits for the initial five years and spend much of its revenues in expansions in the initial years. This business strategy brought immense dividends to the company as per the recent statistics. Amazon has realized the potential of e-business very well and they focused on expanding the business by the initial revenues they obtained.The success of e-business lies in how long a customer

Your choice Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Your choice - Term Paper ExampleSocial security was introduced in the United States through the enactment of the Social tribute come on August 14, 1935.1The Act was conscripted during President Franklin Roosevelt term as the Presidents Committees on Economic Security that was under Frances Perkins. The Act attempt to limit what were seen at the time as the dangers in modern America life that include poverty, unemployment, old age, fatherless children and the encumbrance of widows (Levitan & Levitan, 2003). When President Roosevelt signed the Act into law, he became the first President to support for federal backing for the aged in the society.The Social Security Act if there would be benefits to the retirees and the unemployed as well as a lump-sum benefit when a person had died. The Act also provided money to states to give assistance to the ages under Title 1, unemployment insurance, Title III, cosmos health services Title VI, Maternal and Child Welfare Title V and Aid to famil ies with Dependent Children under Title IV. Various arguments were introduced as to the personal manner in which the programs benefit would be funded.2 Some of the people believed that the individuals should be funded by using contributions that the individuals had made over the course of employment or careers. While different indicated that using this method would be disadvantage to the people who had begun their career at the time when the program was being implements. This is because they would not have adequate time to compile their benefits.Additionally, Social Security was controversial because many of the opponents believed that if the Act was implemented them many people would lose their jobs. The opponents also indicated that the proposal to implement social security would criterion to socialism this is because most women and minority groups were excluded from the benefits of old age pensions and unemployment insurance.3 The proponents of the Act or Social Security beli eved that

Strategic Analysis of the Body Shop International Research Paper

Strategic Analysis of the eubstance Shop International - Research publisher ExampleBased on the strategic internal analysis of the resources, capabilities, strengths, and weaknesses of the high society and the analysis of the industry and global environments, it is reported that despite the highly competitive record of the industry the gilds performance can be stated to be more than satisfactory. Strategically the company would do well with the continuance of its own store jut format and with the reduction of the dependence on the franchising mode of expansion. 1.0 IntroductionWhile business strategy represent the goal of the company to attain sustainable competitive advantage in one of the businesses of the company, corporate strategy represents the objective of the company to manage multi-business activities to create corporate-wide advantage that will benefit each of the business the company owns and operates. The corporate strategy looks into the opportunities available to the company both internally and externally to enhance its competitive strengths and sustain its sales harvest-home and profitability. A strategic analysis of any company thus includes assessing the strengths and weaknesses of the company on the basis of the internal environment as well as threats and opportunities that the company is subjected to because of its relative positioning in the market and the industry. This report on the Body Shop International Plc reports on the efforts of the company to enhance and to sustain its competitive advantages.1.1 Global Cosmetic Industry - A Backg spokeThe cosmetics and Toiletries Industry has registered an all or so branch of 5 percent during the year 2006 as against the growth in the year 2005. This growth is the overall highest growth rate of... The cosmetics and Toiletries Industry has registered an all round growth of 5 percent during the year 2006 as against the growth in the year 2005. This growth is the overall highest growth rate o f the industry since the year 2001. The growth of the industry is facilitated by the presence of strong macro economic factors signifying a worldwide increase in the consumer spending power. With the highest growth rate of 13 percent, east Europe, and Latin America were the fastest growing regional markets. Western Europe accounts for less than 30 percent of the total market with a sales growth of just 3 percent in the year 2006. The sales in the North American region which include the United States Market were above $ 50 billion. The Asia Pacific region too has the characters of a key market with the potential linked to factors like large population, enhanced disposable income, modernized retail and scattering networks and increased consumer awareness thanks to globalization. On the regional levels, Russia represented the largest market with a sale of $ 8.5 billion accounting for about 40 percent of the regional sales value.In the analysis of products, skin care products with t he sales value of $ 60.1 billion in the year 2006 are the largest segment of all cosmetic and toiletries items which also is the fastest growing product of the industry.The market generally uses the distribution channels like supermarkets/hypermarkets, specialist stores, pharmacies and departmental stores.

Plato, three Socratic Dialogues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Plato, three Socratic Dialogues - Essay ExampleEuthyphro is aghast that a wise man like Socrates is being tried for corrupting the young ones and tells him that people do not like others to spread wisdom and are grasping of people who are wise. The two start talking and in the ensuing dialogues Socrates asks Euthyphro to explain the concept of piety. Euthyphro replies that piety is fighting for justice as he is doing by prosecuting his father for a murder. He laments the fact that he is hated for his action by the people although those very people have high regards for Zeus, the king of immortals, change surface though Zeus had punished his father (Kronos) for devouring his sonsWhen further pressed for the definition of piety, Euthyphro tells Socrates that whatever is held dear to God is pious and what is not dear to God is profane. He further said that even Gods have enmities and differences. Socrates counters that argument by telling that what whitethorn be liked by one God may not necessarily true for another God. Hence difference of opinion may account for the enmities and hatred between Gods and people. He asserts that everyone likes just and honourable things or persons and dislike the opposite. But it is the difference of opinions that brings about enmities and hatred.When Socrates is still not satisfied with the definition of piety, Euthyphro finally says that everything that Gods love is pious and holy and the things or persons they hate is impious and unholy. Socrates confused Euthyphro by questioning whether Gods loved things because they were pious or things were pious because Gods loved them?The dialogues, in the form of questions and answers, between the two are especially applicable even today because they establish the credibility of questions as an important means to reach towards a correct and justified answer. In simple words, the questions make us thinks about the different aspects of the problems and help us to come to a right conclusi on. Socrates was a great philosopher who

Define Literary Realism and apply the definition to Fools by Joan Term Paper

Define Literary Realism and apply the definition to Fools by Joan Silber. Refer to Huck Finn by Mark duad as comparison - Term Paper ExampleRealism is applied by literary critics in two diverse ways (1) to identify a movement in the writing of novels during the nineteenth century that included Honore de Balzac in France, George Eliot in England, and Willian L. Dean in America, and (2) to designate a recurrent mode, in conglomerate eras and literary forms, or representing human life and experience in literature (Abrams 258). Thus it is evident that realism exposes the reality in human life and the spoken communication of Abrams confirms it when he says, realism is said to represent life as it really is.Another significant thing regarding realism is its artistic or literary portrayal of life in a faithful, accurate manner, unclouded by false ideals, literary conventions, or misplaced aesthetic glorification and beautification of the world (Wheeler). In realism, the writers do not l eave space for fantasy or adventure as in the case of romantic fiction, but they depict life in a matter-of-fact or straightforward way, dissuading the wide possibilities of imaginative coloring. While reading through and through a realistic fiction, it said that the common readers are taken to a realistic social world in which the characters resemble to them and the actions narrated have close association with their life situations. This makes the readers infer the characters as simply existing and there is fortune for their actions to take place. When analyzing Joan Silbers Fools collections of short stories, on the grounds of American literary realism, one can see that her stories fulfill most of the propositions of realism. The characters in Fools are life-like, and because the readers do not consider them as separate entities smacked with some supernatural powers. The proposed study aims to establish the fact that Joan Silbers Fools is an example of inherent realism through t he depictions of ordinary characters, settings, themes and accents. A comparison of Fools with Mark Twains,

Donald Lipski Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Donald Lipski - Essay ExampleThe reason he gained fame very promptly and got recognized by the critics and people was that he brought in unique and different pieces of craft and sculpture which attracted a lot of people because of its distinctive and exceptional quality. one of his first installations was the Gathering Dust through which he gained great recognition and applause. After which he continued his work and gained many different awards for his outstanding consummation and contribution to art. His beautiful works have been pose in various museums. Recently he has started to focus on large scale 3-dimensional figures which have been place at different public places to increase and enhance the beauty of different public places, one such example is The Yearling which has been placed outside the capital of Colorado Public Library (Turner, 107).Another very famous and a beautiful structure is the Psyche- the Butterfly. It is a beauty in its own self. This beautiful structure has been placed in The Auraria Science Building. This large crunch is made from glass, metal and resin. This structure has been placed at the junction of the old and the new building. The structure makes use of round a total of 10,000 test tubes filled with acrylic. The wings argon made to slowly swap by the air conditioning system of the building. The test tubes are filled with different colored material and when they swap they cast beautiful colored shadows on the people moving below the structure. The beauty of this amazing butterfly cannot be mentioned and cannot be explained by words. It is just an awe-strucking piece of art. People who view this beauty cannot resist themselves from looking at it again and again and pondering everyplace its magnificence and beauty (Turner, 105).Donald has made other beautiful structures but this great piece of art has not been replaced by any other piece of art yet. This beautiful butterfly is an

Business strategy-business game Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Business strategy- occupancy game - Essay ExampleA single strategic direction for the firm is selected which is the differentiation strategy as per the Bowmans strategy clock. The Bowmans strategy clock is used to identify one or multiple strategic aspects that may be taken up by a company for developing competiveness, sustainability and continued success (Chesbrough and Rosenbloom, 2002). This is because the results of the analysis and the study of the external market indicate that the adoption of a differentiation strategy can be beneficial for the company for ensuring greater levels of success and sustainability for the future years.The number of companies operating in the acrobatic footwear share in which the case company belongs ranges from 4 to 10 main companies. However, for the analysis, three main competitors of APanda Shoes are considered which are Diversity Footwear, C Athlete go with and Bold Athletics Company.The company APanda Shoes operates in multiple geographical r egions. The company has its manufacturing plants in North America, Asia pacific, Europe, Africa and Latin America. This makes the athletic footwear manufacturing company such(prenominal) vulnerable towards the political norms in the different countries of its operation. The political factors like the stability of the political environment, the formulation of government policies, taxation policies, export and import policies and duties levied on the athletic footwear products are some of the common factors that would affect the business decisions and operations of APanda Shoes.The economic factors like inflation rates, Gross Domestic Predict (GDP), economic and business cycles, disposable income level and Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) are some of the economic factors that would directly influence the profitability, sales and sustainability of the company in the four running(a) regions. The volatility of currency exchange systems and the fluctuations in the foreign exchange

Professional Ethics Essay Example for Free

Professional Ethics EssayI believe Gail would non report this event to her superiors or discipline her subordinates. She would not make any amends or take action because of the lack of moral courage or strength she possesses since it takes big courage to raise a voice for the prisoners. She lacks this moral courage because of the integrity, vision and ain independence which make up the courage in an individual. Gail needs to have a good moral courage in order to do the right thing. Even if she realized the dilemma faced by the prisoners who were manhandled, she did not possess the courage to complain about this treatment being given to the prisoners.In other words, she lacked integrity in doing the right thing. Because of this weak personal integrity on her part, Gail didnt feel courageous sufficient to report about this event. Since vision comes from having seen the actions of others and their consequences, Gails vision contributed to her weak moral character with no courage . She saw that the soldiers who had previously reported for the abuse were disciplined themselves first or were not listened to by the superiors.Moreover, one of them had to leave his home town and live the respite of his life with another identity. This led to form weak moral character in her personality. Because of no personal independence she didnt feel independent enough to make the report to the seniors. She had been taken from the CPA firm to serve in the USA army which doesnt seem to be her independent decision. Moreover, the consequences she had witnessed of those who reported beforehand didnt give her courage to report about the matter.

21th Bled eConference eCollaboration Essay Example for Free

21th Bled eConference eCollaboration Essay1 IntroductionThis is not a search paper. Rather, it is a breeding report in which I describe the use of goods and answers of the so called beer distribution wager (or beer mettlesome) a logistics and tot cooking stove simulation bet in teaching business-to-business eCommerce. The aim of the paper is twofold First, I submit to demonstrate how the beergame pile be utilise to provide students with a much than profound understanding of the reasons why eCommerce technologies are used in contemporary generate reachs to exchange selective selective discipline and to facilitate quislingism. Second, I want to share both my fingers and my materials for victimisation the beergame in eCommerce logical arguments with the IS community, i.e. those scholars that teach (business-to-business) eCommerce or sum reach fudgement courses. The beergame is a role-play simulation game in which students enact a four leg give grasp . The t drive of this preparation strand is to bring and deliver units of beer the pulverisation produces and the other three stages deliver the beer units until it reaches the guest at the downstream residue of the drawstring. In doing so, the aim of the players is rather saucer-eyed each of the four groups has to fulfil the entrance devotes of beer byplacing sets with the next upstream party. Since parley and collaboration is not al minusculeed between supply cosmic string stages, the players invaria588bly create the so called bullwhip force-out. With bullwhip we refer to the inwardness that the nitty-gritty of triennial orders amplifies upstream in the supply strand towards the piss end, and so causing a range of operational conundrums. The bullwhip effectuate is a well-known phenomenon and a bounteous symptom of coordination problems in supply compasss. In using the beergame to create the bullwhip effect students experience first hand, not only the proble ms of lack of cultivation sharing and collaboration in supply range of mountainss, but in like manner the primary(prenominal) causes for the creation of the bullwhip effect. Henceforth, in introducing eCommerce measures in the later academic terms of the course, students merchantman link up to these topics through their own experiences. The paper ties in with a recent discussion on the ISWorld eMail list on how to make relevant IS teaching for students with little or no operable experience. In teaching information systems (IS) and specifically B2B eCommerce we frequently experience problems of making relevant those topics for students. The challenge is to get them to appreciate the relevance of IS and likewise to provide them, not only with a superficial knowledge of the topics, but with a more profound understanding of the reasons why eCommerce technologies are used in practice. Against this backdrop I want to show how the beergame can help demonstrating the role and need of eCommerce technologies in a topic area in which the students not only lack practical knowledge (i.e. with regards to supply set up), but typically also do not subscribe their own frame of reference to be able to relate to the topics we teach. To this end, I will introduce the beergame, demonstrate its use in a classroom setting, present typical results created by playing the game and show how I constitute the game in a typical B2B eCommerce syllabus. I begin with introducing the game and the bullwhip effect (in contribution 2). In section 3, I then describe the exertion of the beergame in a classroom setting I give an overview of a beergame school term and present typical results. Section 4 demonstrates how typical supply chain problems (and the causes of the bullwhip effect) can be deduced from the beergame experience in order to motivate the introduction of eCommerce measures for improving supply chaincoordination. The section is concluded by a epitome of typical eComme rce topics that can follow the beergame in a typical B2B syllabus (section 4.3).2 The BeergameIn the following I will first give a brief introduction to the bullwhip effect before I introduce the beergame itself, i.e. its record, structural setup and the rules of the game.2.1 Bullwhip effect as symptom of typical supply chain problems The bullwhip effect is a well-known symptom of typical coordination problems in ( tralatitious) supply chains. It refers to the effect that the pith of periodical orders amplifies as sensation moves upstream in the supply chain towards the labor end (Lee, Padmanabhan Whang 1997a). Even in the face of s card node demand small variations in demand at the retail end tend to dramatically amplify upstream the supply chain with the effect that order amounts are really erratic, and can be very high in wizard week and almost zero in the next week. This phenomenon was discovered and first described by Forrester (1961) who did research into the relation ship between ordering and line of descent keeping patterns using simulation models (Warburton 2004). The term itself was first coined a tumid 1990 when ProcterGamble perceived erratic and amplified order patters in its supply chain for 589baby diapers. The effect is also known by the names whiplash or whipsaw effect (Lee, Padmanabhan Whang 1997a), which refers metaphorically to the visualisation of order patterns pitiful upstream the supply chain (see figure 3). As a consequence of the bullwhip effect a range of inefficiencies occur passim the supply chain, e.g. high (safety) stock levels, poor customer service levels, poor capacity utilisation, aggravated problems with demand anticipate, and ultimately high approach and low levels of inter-firm trust (Chopra Meindl 2001 Lee, Padmanabhan Whang 1997a). While the effect is not new and a lot of research has been conducted and supply chain projects have been initiated since its discovery, it is still a condemnationly and pressin g problem in contemporary supply chains. Various research studies have quantified the effect and estimate that profitability in most supply chains might improve by up to 30% by eliminating the bullwhip effect (Metters 1997McCullen Towill 2002).2.2 Beergame setup and rulesHaving introduced the bullwhip effect and its implications for the supply chain and its players I will now introduce the beergame, its setup and rules. I begin by providing a brief history of the game before I present the general structure and the rules of the game. 2.2.1 History of the beergame The beergame (or beer distribution game) was originally invented in the 1960s by Jay Forrester at MIT as a result of his work on system dynamics (see Forrester 1957). While the original goal of the simulation game was to research the effect of systems structures on the behaviour of the great unwashed (structure creates behaviour), the game can also be used to demonstrate the benefits of information sharing, supply chain man agement, and eCollaboration in the supply chain (Li Simchi-Levi 2002). A range of different magnetic declinations of the beergame have emerged over the years. The original beergame was realised as a board game (Sterman 1989). Meanwhile a put off rendition (Ossimitz, Kreisler Zoltan 2002) and also computerised simulations (Hieber Hartel 2003) have been developed. In this paper I predominantly draw on a table version, which I adapted from the so called Klagenfurt aim (cp. Ossimitz, Kreisler Zoltan 2002) the structural setup of the table version is shown in figures 1 and 2. I will briefly discuss advantages and disadvantages of the different game versions in chapter 3.1 where I discuss the administration of the beergame in a classroom setting. 2.2.2 General structure of the game The beergame simulates a supply chain that consists of four stages ( retail merchant, wholesaler, distributer and factory), each of which is played by one or better two or three players (Goodwin Frankl in Sr. 1994). Hence, a supply chain is typically played by 8 to 12 flock, while more than one supply chain can be administered in one class at the kindred time. The task of each supply chain is to produce and deliver units of beer the factory produces and the other three stages deliver the beer units until it reaches the outer customer at the downstream end of the supply chain. In doing so, the aim of the players is rather simple each sub group has to fulfil the incoming orders of beer. The retailer receives an internationally predetermined customer demand and places orders with the wholesaler the wholesaler sends orders to the distributor, who orders fromthe factory the factory at last 590produces the beer. Hence, orders flow in the upstream direction, while deliveries flow in the downstream direction of the supply chain. An important structural aspect of the game is delay (i.e. time lag) in order to account for logistics and resultion time. Each delivery (and production orde r) requires two rounds until they are terminally delivered to the next stage. In the structural setup of the game this is represented by two shipping delay fields located in between the supply chain stages as well as at the production end (figure 1). Order flowDelayDelayDelayDelayFactory FactoryDistributor DistributorWholesaler Wholesalerretailer Retailer crossway flowFigure 1 Supply chain setup in the beergame table version schoolchildOutgoing order accept tagIncoming orderWholesalerDelayDistributor DistributorOutgoing deliveryDelayFactoryIncoming deliveryStudentStudentFigure 2 Detailed table layout 2.2.3 Rules of the game The game is played in rounds, which simulates weeks. In each round the following tints have to be carried out by the players 1) receive incoming orders, 2) receive incoming deliveries, 3) update play sheets (outstanding deliveries and size up), 4) send out deliveries, and in the end 5) decide on the amount to be ordered. In doing so, deciding on each rounds order amount is efficaciously the only decision that players are able to make throughout the game everything else follows a set of fixed rules. The first rule is that every order has to be ful strikeed, either directly (should the players inventory be double enough) or later in subsequent rounds. In the latter fictional character, players have to keep track of their backlog (backorder) (Coakley et al. 1998). Secondly, inventory and backlog incur cost each stop in stock costs EUR 0.50 per week, while each item on backlog costs EUR 1.00. Consequently, the primary aim of each subgroup is to keep their costs low. Hence, the best strategy for the players is to run their business with as little stock as possible without being forced to move into backorder. Thirdly, players are notallowed to communicate. The only information they are allowed to exchange is the order amount there is no transparency as to what stock levels or actual customer demand is only the retailer knows the extern al demand (Rafaeli et al. 2003). Moreover, the game is base on the simplification of unlimited capacity (in stock keep591ing, production and transportation) and unlimited access to raw materials at the production end (Hieber Hartel 2003). 2.2.4 The external demand In playing the game the external demand is predetermined and usually does not vary greatly. In the beginning, the supply chain is pre-initialised with inventory levels (e.g. 15 units), orders (e.g. 5 units) and beer units in the shipping delay fields (e.g. 5 units). In order to induce the bullwhip effect to the supply chain the external demand rest stable for a few rounds (e.g. 5 units for 5 rounds) before it suddenly shows one steep profit (jumps to 9 units) before it remains stable again at this higher(prenominal) level for the remainder of the game (usually 40 to 50 rounds in total). However, the one join on in external demand is enough to induce variance into the supply chain, which will inevitably lead to the cre ation of the bullwhip effect and to a destabilisation of ordering patterns throughout the supply chain.3 Using the beergame in classHaving described the idea, the structural setup, and the rules of the beergame, I will now discuss the administration of the game in a classroom setting. This is followed by the presentation of typical results generated by beergame applications in eCommerces courses. These results are very useful for deriving the causes of the bullwhip effect in discussions with students in a so-called debrief session (see section 4). For a session outline of a B2B course that uses the beergame please refer to appendix 2 the experiences shared in the following sections are more or less based on this session outline.3.1 Administering the beergame3.1.1 Choosing a beergame version As mentioned above, different versions of the beergame exist for use in classroom settings. The traditional version isa board game in which tokens are physiologically moved on the board to repre sent orders and stock. The upside of the board version is that people relate well to moving actual objects. However, there are two downsides firstly, the board game is too slow, cumber almost and complex to administer secondly and more importantly, because physical objects are used to represent inventory on the board, people enjoy an unwanted transparency of inventory levels of other supply chain stages and can thus strategically act upon their knowledge of incoming stock. The table version of the beergame was originally developed by a team at the University of Klagenfurt (Ossimitz, Kreisler Zoltan 2002). It shows several improvements to the original design such as a leaner and more pragmatic approach to moving orders and stock in the supply chain. Essentially this is done by using paper slips on which numbers are written by the players. However, it still shows some administrative overhead such as a bookkeeping person that takes stock of all things happening within the supply chai n using a computer. While this functions as a built-in safety net in case something goes wrong, it is still a hurdle to the application in a classroom setting and it also slows down the game, which results in long sessions and the students being world-weary throughout the game. Henceforth, I have adapted the table version and essentially eliminated the bookkeeper in order to acquire a more straightforward progression of the game. The 592 riskiness moreover is that students make mistakes in calculating order amounts or stock levels using the paper play sheet. While it helps to start slowly and to doublecheck the play sheet calculations during the first few rounds, in a few of my first beergame applications some people therefore miscalculated stock levels, which led to problems with interpreting the selective information later on. For this reason, like a shot I use MS Excel and a laptop computer on each table for people to fill in their play sheets this effectively eliminates the risk and fancys a quick progression of the game (see appendix 1 for a play sheet role model). 3.1.2 Schedule of a beergame session The first bar in administering the beergame is the preparations of the tables. As is illustrated in figure 2, four fields have to be marked on each table, which is done by fixing to the table 4 sheets of paper using sticky tape. The same is done with the delay fields. Furthermore, cardboard boxes (or plasticcups) and envelopes have to be filled with small paper slips to pre-initialise the supply chain with orders and deliveries. Then, every table has to be prepared with a stack of order and delivery slips that will be used by the players during the game. Finally, paper slips with the external demand progression (see above) have to be prepared that are handed to the retailer groups during the game. Also, for administering more than one supply chain, (student) assistants are take to help with moving boxes and envelopes during the game. The second step is briefing the students in doing so I provide a short introduction to the idea of the game, its history, structure, and rules (see above). When playing in more than one supply chain I stress the fact that groups of each stage are competing with one another (e.g. retailer vs. retailer), in order to get the students to take playing seriously. The third step is to start playing some initial trial rounds with the pre-initialised supply chain and to make sure that everyone gets used to filling in play sheets and order/delivery slips. Then, in the fourth step, the speed of playing the game is increased and the game is played for a number of 40 to 50 rounds. The game is then stopped abruptly so that the students do not have time to react strategically to the coming end of the game. The fifth and concluding part of the session is a short discussion directly after the game, where I ask students how they felt throughout the game and what they think the average customer demand was. The next session after the beergame session is the debriefing session, for which the data that the groups produced throughout the game has to be consolidated, plot and analysed. Typical beergame results and their creation are presented in the next section the debriefing session is described in section 4.3.2 Typical progression and results of a beergame sessionEvery beergame session follows roughly the same scheme, so that the progression of the game shows a recurring pattern. I usually start playing the game at a slow pace for people to get used to moving objects, taking stock and filling in the play sheets. What typically happens during these first few rounds is that people try to get free of some of the inventory (e.g. 15 units) in order to manage their costs hence they often only place small orders in the beginning (for an example see weeks 1-7 in figure 3).Consequently, when the customer demand jumps to the higher level in round 6 the supply chain has adjusted to a low demand scenario. After the steep increase m both retailer groups tend to wait one or two rounds in order to see if the increase is permanent (as in figure 3). When they then place the first large order they invariably initiate a bullwhip effect that perpetuates through593out the chain. Typically, the order amount increases with every stage in the supply chain (as in figure 3). What happens then is that the groups move deeply into backorder (see figure 4), because due to the delivery delays it takes quite some time for the beer to move through the supply chain to the retail end. Getting increasingly desperate players often try to send signals and place more large orders in the end they typically lose track of what they have ordered and order route too much. The consequence is that the supply chain is flooded with beer and the inventories inundation (see weeks 2035 in figure 4). The effect is that people cease ordering entirely e.g. a lot of very small orders are placed. This is especially true for the higher stages of the supply chain (see table 1). In the end, while the retailer groups often manage to stabilise their business, the higher stages have no idea of the actual customer demand and are left frustrated. Bullwhip Effect70 60 50CustomerOrders 40 30 20 10 0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 WeekRetailer Wholesaler Distributor FactoryFigure 3 Plot of order distribution, visualising the bullwhip effect Figure 3 shows the order distribution over 40 weeks and a typical bullwhip effect. Figure 4 shows the inventory fluctuation, with negative inventory representing back order. Table 1 finally shows the decrease in customer demand information upstream visualised by the average order amount by the four stages of the supply chain in this example. More importantly, theincrease in order fluctuation upstream the supply chain is illustrated by the largest amount having been ordered in each stage and the number of small orders that were placed. This translates i nto an increase in inventory fluctuation as well. All this information is being used in the following debriefing session to discuss the bullwhip effect, its implications and the reasons for its existence.594Out of stock = Serious lack of service level200 150 100Inventory50 0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 -50 -100 -150 WeekRetailerWholesalerDistributorFactoryFigure 4 Example of inventory fluctuation (negative inventory = backorder) aboriginal figures Retailer Wholesaler Distributor Factory order amount (units of beer)8.338.688.759.95Largest order amount25405060No of small orders (0-2 units)4111418Inventory fluctuation range8481170165Table 1 Example of key figures derived from the beergame4 Learning from the beergame resultsHaving presented the way in which the beergame is administered and a typical progression of the game and its results, I will now first show how a debriefing session can be used to illustrate supply chain coordination problems and to derive typical causes for the creation of the bullwhip effect. Based on these causes one can then quite easily motivate eCommerce measures and ICT-based supply chain straighten out initiatives that aim at step-down the bullwhip effect and improving supply chain coordination.4.1 The debriefing sessionThe debriefing session follows the beergame session (see appendix 2). I usually begin the session with a brief discussion of students experiences throughout the game. Typically, the following questions are being discussed Did you witness yourself controlled by forces in the system from time to time? Or did you feel in control? Did you find yourself blaming the groups next to you for your problems? Did you feel desperation at any time? This discussion typically shows that people indeed were blaming their neighbouring supply chain partners for not doing their jobs right (either not ordering in a 595sensible way or not being able to deliver) desperation and frustration are habitual feelings d uring the last rounds of the game. A first learning from this discussion is that it is the structure of the game (i.e. the supply chain) that causes the behaviour. This is precisely what its inventor (Forrester) intended to achieve and what is referred to as the effects of systems dynamics. A second set of questions can then be discussed in order to reflect upon the beergame itself and its degree of simulating real world conditions What, if anything, is unrealistic about this game? Why are there order delays? Why are there production delays? Shipping delays? Why have both distributor and wholesalers why not ship beer directly from the factory to the retailer? Must the brewer be interested with the management of the raw materials providers? Using these questions and by stressing the fact that real-life supply chains are much more complex (a huge variety of products and supply chain partners exist, as well as complex criss-crossing networks of relationships) the students can quickly b e convinced that real-life conditions favour the emergence of the bullwhip to a much greaterextent and that the beergame is indeed a good vehicle to simulate the creation of the effect. Having established this necessary bit of legitimisation, the session can then proceed with presenting the beergame results and with identifying the underlying causes. Hence, the next step essentially is to present, for all supply chain groups, the data (table 1) and figures (3 and 4) presented above. In doing so, I typically have a very interactive and lively discussion. I ask what people thought while playing the game and what led them to, for example, place a huge order at a particular point in the game. In discussing the extreme examples, the class usually shares a laugh, which, as a nice by-product, leads to a more casual atmosphere and contributes to setting an open spectre for the remainder of the course. I also honour the winning supply chain teams at this point in time. This is also the time where I introduce the notion of cumulated supply chain cost, e.g. by pointing out that the product at the customer end has to earn all (cumulated) costs of all supply chain parties this insight serves as a first step in establishing the idea of global thinking and chainwide optimization, which essentially requires eCollaboration technologies. At this point in the session one can then either go straight to identifying the causes and effects of the bullwhip effect (see below), or take a little (useful) detour in discussing a teaching case to corroborate the results and to give the results of the beergame some more credibility. In doing so, I use the case of Italian pasta manufacturer Barilla, one of the first put down cases in which a company launched a project to identify the causes of the bullwhip effect and to introduce some countermeasures (see Simchi-Levi, Kaminsky Simchi-Levi 2003, p. 91).4.2 Identifying the causes of the bullwhip effectThe bullwhip effect, as simulated in t he beergame, is mainly caused by three underlying problems 1) a lack of information, 2) the structure of the supply chain and 3) a lack of collaboration and global optimization. These three causes can be set in an interactive session with the students by discussing the beergame experiences and then be corroborated with insights from practice and the literature. 5964.2.1 Lack of information In the beergame no information except for theorder amount is perpetuated up the supply chain. Henceforth, most information about customer demand is quickly lost upstream in the supply chain. Moreover, no other information is being shared. With these characteristics the beergame simulates supply chains with low levels of trust, where only little information is being shared between the parties. Without actual customer demand data, all anticipate has to rely solely on the incoming orders at each supply chain stage. In reality, in such a situation traditional prophecy methods and stock keeping strat egies contribute to creating the bullwhip effect (Lee, Padmanabhan Whang 1997a Simchi-Levi, Kaminsky SimchiLevi 2003). Unexpected increases in orders from downstream partners translate into even higher order increases upstream, because when players regard the increase to be permanent and want to avoid running out of stock, they need to update their safety stock levels hence they place an even larger order. Later, when it turns out that an increase was only temporary, safety stock levels are lowered and players might order nothing for a while, hence contributing to the bullwhip effect. 4.2.2 Supply chain structure The supply chain structure, with its design as separate stages and the long lead times, contributes to the bullwhip effect. The longer the lead time, i.e. the longer it takes for an order to touch off upstream and the subsequent delivery to travel downstream, the more aggravated the bullwhip effect is likely to be. With traditional ordering, the point in time where an or der is typically placed (the order point) is usually calculated by multiplying the forecasted demand with the lead time plus the safety stock amount, so that an order is placed so far in advance as to ensure service level during the time until the delivery is expected to bring forth (Simchi-Levi, Kaminsky Simchi-Levi 2003). Hence, the longer the lead time is, the more pronounced an order will be as an reaction to an increase in forecasted demand (especially in conjunction with updating the safety stock levels, see above), which again contributes to the bullwhip effect. 4.2.3 Local optimisation Local optimisation, in terms of local forecasting and case-by-case cost optimisation, and a lack of cooperation are at the heart of the bullwhip problem. A good example for local optimisation is the batch order phenomenon. In practice, ordering entails fix cost, e.g. ordering in full truck loads is cheaper then ordering smaller amounts. Furthermore, many suppliers oblation volume discounts when ordering largeramounts. Hence, there is a certain incentive for individual players to hold back orders and only place aggregate orders. This behaviour however aggravates the problem of demand forecasting, because very little information about actual demand is transported in such batch orders. And batch ordering, of course, contributes directly to the bullwhip effect by unnecessarily inflating the orders. This might lead to lower local cost in the short term, but translates into higher overall cost at the chain level.4.3 eCommerce measures to meet the bullwhip effectHaving identified and discussed the three problem areas with regard to both the beergame and their real-world counterparts, I then present three areas of improvement that directly correspond to the three problem areas 1) information sharing in terms of electronic data interchange, 2) ICT-enabled supply chain re597design, and 3) supply chain collaboration for global optimisation (see figure 5). In terms of teaching, these three bundles of eCommerce measures and initiatives can then be briefly introduced in one session (see appendix 3) or in more (technical and physical compositional) detail in three separate sessions (see appendix 2). In the following sections I give a brief overview of what can be part of those sessions.1 discipline sack upstream the supply chainWithout direct communication, forecasting is based on aggregated, inaccurate information. This causes large stock, high cost, poor service levels. Improvement in force(p) communication and information sharing2Supply chain structureLong lead times lead to increasing variability upstream making planning nearly impossible large safety stock is required, variability increased. Slow downstream product flow causes poor service levels. Improvement Supplychain redesign processes, tasks roles3Local optimizationIndependent planning and local optimization lead to inefficiencies, such as local forecasting, batch ordering, inflated orders, etceteraImprovementCooperation to achieve global optimizationFigure 5 Summary of bullwhip causes and areas of improvement 4.3.1 Efficient communication One of the most basic learnings from the beergame is to improve information sharing along the supply chain (e.g. of point-of-sale customer demand data) information sharing is the first step towards more advanced supply chain coordination (Muckstadt et al. 2001). Henceforth, the first step in teaching eCommerce measures is to present the article of beliefs and technologies of electronic data interchange. In doing so, I first of all discuss with the students the principles of digitally mediated replenishment of goods by Johnston (1999), essentially a collection of principles for effective inter-organisational electronic data interchange, such as the once-only data entry principle or the synchronicity principle. Based on these fundamental principles I discuss the ship canal in which traditional document-based ordering can be reformed using electronic data interchange. While these topics might seem to be outdated from a modern information systems perspective, it lays the foundation for a step-by-step increase of complexity that aims at providing the students with a more substantial knowledge of the problems and ideas behind ICT-enabled supply chain reform than can be achieved by a simple presentation of the latest communication technologies. The next step in this endeavour is to introduce technologies that are needed to enable effective inter-firm data interchange and electronic ordering, such as product numbering schemes and automatic product appointment technologies. In most supply chains physical products have to be handled hence ways are needed to attach information to theseobjects. Consequently, I introduce the following technologies Standardised product numbering schemes Here, the history, proliferation, functioning and impact of numbering schemes such as the Universal Product Code (UPC), the European Art icle Numbering (EAN) code and more special598ised codes like for example container codes (SSCC) are introduced. Most of these codes today are administered by the standardisation organisation GS1 (2005). Automated product identification technologies The technology with the greatest diffusion in the market is the barcode while specialised barcodes exist in some industries, the most common one is the UCC/EAN-128 (Coyle, Bardi Langley 1996). The second, much newer technology to be discussed here is Radio Frequency based Identification (RFID). Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) EDI is the basis for electronic ordering. Here, traditional EDI standards, such as the UN/EDIFACT, which was formulately developed by ISO and the UN (Coyle, Bardi Langley 1996), can be discussed, as well as newer techniques such as Internet-based wind vaneEDI and XML-enabled order exchange. In discussions with the students these alter communication and data exchange technologies can then be related back to t he beergame experience in that they 1) speed up the order process, thus reducing lead time and 2) enable more sophisticated information sharing of POS data. Moreover, they are the basis for the next step, the ICT-enabled redesign of supply chain structures. 4.3.2 ICT-enabled supply chain reform initiatives The second building block in dealing with the bullwhip effect comprises a range of different supply chain reform initiatives that can be subsumed under the model of efficient replenishment. As such, two distinct types of measures can be distinguished 1) inventory management concepts that aim at changing the ways in which actors in the supply chain carry out their roles of stock keeping and ordering and 2) logistics concepts that aim at improving actual material and information flow. Efficient inventory management is based on the idea that suppliers have timely access to POS data and can thus eliminate traditional forecasting and change the way ordering and inventory management is carried out (Lee, Padmanabhan Whang 1997b). Three concepts with increasing degrees of complexity can be distinguished Quick reception The idea behind this concept is for the supplier to become more responsive to changes in customer demand through thesharing of POS data. Retailers still prepare individual orders, but suppliers are better prepared. Continuous Replenishment Suppliers continually receive POS data from retailers to prepare shipments at agreed-upon levels. marketer Managed Inventory (VMI) Under this initiative the suppliers manage all inventory aspects for their own products at the retailer end. Suppliers decide on shipment levels without any orders from the retail end to be placed. In fact, the retailer has very little to do with the operational aspects in VMI (Waller, Johnson Davis 1999). The second type of efficient replenishment measures is efficient logistics (see Simchi-Levi, Kaminsky Simchi-Levi 2003). Here, two main building blocks can be discussed memor y and delivery concepts Depending on the kinds of goods that are moved along the supply chain, different kinds of warehousing and delivery can be applied in order to achieve an optimal flow of goods. Cross docking is a concept in which warehouses function as inventory coordination points rather than actual inventory storage points hence, goods are only re-shuffled 599between trucks coming in from suppliers and trucks leaving for stores. This instrument can be used for fast selling products. For bulk products central warehousing can be used while fresh products benefit from direct delivery. Full-blown just-in-time delivery (JIT) Most commonly found in the automotive pains, just-in-time describes a concept, whereby supplier and manufacturer align their logistics and production processes to a degree that no (or very little) inventory is needed. Goods can be directly delivered from the production at the supplier to arrive just in time to be used in production at the manufacturer end (e.g. Johnson Wood 1996). Changing the way in which inventory is managed means to effectively change the supply chain structure. For example, by implementing VMI the supply chain partners eliminate one stage of ordering, thus eradicating one step in the typical bullwhip chain of events. Moreover, by speeding up product flows using the logistics concepts lead time is being reduced, which in turn softens the bullwhip effect. Consequently, all measures discussed in this section can be directly motivated by the beergame. In presenting this block to the students I also point out, for every singly concept, the role of information systems and eBusiness technologies. 4.3.3 eCollaboration jointplanning and global optimisation The third block of eBusiness measures for tackling the bullwhip effect is the most sophisticated one and builds on the first two blocks. Global optimisation of supply chain processes can only be achieved through the collaboration of supply chain partners under a joint initiative. I present the Collaborative planning anticipation and Replenishment (CPFR) initiative as an example from the Grocery industry (VICS 2001) and also discuss (sometimes only briefly) joint product development initiatives in the automotive industry. CPFR as a concept builds on and extends concepts such as VMI by aiming at establishing a long-term planning of joint promotion activities. CPFR is based on the observation that a combination of inventory management and logistics concepts (see section 4.3.2 above) can reduce the bullwhip effect for day-to-day deliveries, but that these concepts still can not screw with demand variations induced by promotion activities. Hence, CPFR aims at jointly planning promotions and to create transparency as to the expected demand increases induced by these promotions. The concept is based on the use of shared eMarketplace infrastructures, which I also discuss in some detail in this section. Again, the application of eCommerce technologies can be nicely illustrated using the beergame. 4.3.4 Summary The discussion of the three building blocks of eCommerce measures culminates in the development and presentation of an integrated model of eCommerce-based supply chain management informed by the key learnings from the beergame. The model is presented in figure 6. Following the line of argument in the last sections, it becomes obvious that the beergame can be used to motivate and nourish large parts of a typical eCommerce masters course (as in appendix 2). In the next section I draw some final conclusions and briefly reflect upon the use of the beergame in a classroom setting.600Supply Chain Reform Initiatives Supply Chain Reform Initiatives Tactics Operations homeImprovements ImprovementsSuppy Chain Suppy Chain problems problems trade-offs trade-offsInformation lossJoint PlanningCPFR (promotions, product introduction), Category Mgmt, Production schedulingCollaborationStrategic alliances for global optimizationEfficient ReplenishmentInventory Management Quick Response, CRP, VMI, SBTRedesignICT-enabled supply Chain re-structuringS.C. structureMaterials information flow Direct delivery, Warehousing, X-dockingLocal optimizationCommunicationInformation sharing, Electronic orderingEfficient CommunicationsInfrastructure, EDI, AutoID, Product numbering, Process simplificationsFigure 6 A comprehensive eCommerce and supply chain model5 refinement and outlookI have introduced the beergame and demonstrated its usefulness in teaching B2B eCommerce and supply chain management. To the present day, I have used the beergame mainly in eCommerce masters courses at different Universities in different national contexts. The experiences and also the teaching evaluations have always been positive and very encouraging. While I opine that the beergame, and the way it is embedded in my B2B eCommerce syllabus,works well in providing students with both a profound understanding of the underlying wisdoms of eCommerce, as we ll as with a good overview of eCommerce measures, there is more to it than that. Playing the beergame is great fun, for the teacher and for the students, and it is always a good experience in itself. As such, the beergame is also very stabilising for the general course atmosphere and the creation of positive team dynamics in the group. For the future, we are working on a software version of the beergame, which can be used in a classroom setting in the same interactive role-play style, but avoid some of the still remaining problems of the table version. While software versions today only provide a simulation (instead of role-play) mode and are not built for classroom use, a client-server software version of the game might replace the cumbersome logistics aspects (the moving of boxes) and help in gathering data that can be used for debriefing straight away. Moreover, it would be great to be able to play the beergame with different setups, e.g. with implementing effective sharing of ( customer demand and inventory) data in order to demonstrate, in a second round of play, the usefulness of information sharing in reducing the bullwhip effect. To this end, our software will be flexible enough to incorporate such exploration of different supply chain modalities.11For further information please see http//www.beergame.org. 601Appendix 1 Beergame play sheet The following table shows the play sheet of a retailer group that was filled in during a beergame session. The incoming order column shows the external customer demand with its increase in round 6. During the game the students only have to fill in the white columns the incoming delivery and the incoming order are taken from the incoming paper slips, while in the your order column the students have to fill in their order decision for the respective weeks. Having done that, the play sheet shows exactly what has to be written on the outgoing order and delivery slips (in the dark columns). All orange columns are calcula ted automatically, so that students can easily keep track of their inventory and cost progression. After the beergame this data is then put together andconsolidated with the data that was collected in the play sheets of the other groups of the same supply chain. It is then plotted to create figures 3 and 4 and table 1 (see above). WeekIncoming DeliveryAvailableIncoming OrderYour DeliveryBackorderInventoryCost7,5 15 22,5 30 35 37 40 45 49 52 64 78 86 100 118 137 159 180 201 223 244 265 283 295 303 316 317,5 321 324,5 328 331,5 335 338,5 342 345,5 348,5 351 353 355 357Your OrderPlease fill out play slips Delivery Order0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 405 5 5 5 0 3 2 7 10 10 0 7 15 3 5 8 6 10 9 8 10 9 12 15 13 4 25 13 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 8 9 920 20 20 20 15 13 6 7 10 10 0 7 15 3 5 8 6 10 9 8 10 9 12 15 13 4 25 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 15 14 13 13 135 5 5 5 5 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 995 5 5 5 5 9 6 7 10 10 0 7 15 3 5 8 6 10 9 8 10 9 12 15 13 4 22 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 90 0 0 0 0 0 3 5 4 3 12 14 8 14 18 19 22 21 21 22 21 21 18 12 8 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 015 15 15 15 15 10 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 6 5 4 4 40 3 2 7 7 12 5 10 10 6 5 7 15 25 15 5 5 6 11 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 95 5 5 5 5 9 6 7 10 10 0 7 15 3 5 8 6 10 9 8 10 9 12 15 13 4 22 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 90 3 2 7 7 12 5 10 10 6 5 7 15 25 15 5 5 6 11 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9602Appendix 2 Syllabus for a beergame-based B2B course The following table gives an overview of how the beergame can be incorporated in a typical (B2B) eCommerce (masters) course (e.g. 12 weeks with 3 hour sessions). The beergame and the subsequent modules can cover up to 6 sessions. After presenting the three blocks with eCommerce improvements, an additional session can be used to discuss management challenges of inter-firm collaboration, covering iss ues such as trust, managing interfaces, ICT standards etc. Throughout the course, cases from the grocery and the automotive industries might be used for illustration purposes and to facilitate discussions. Depending on the setting, background readings might also be handed out to the students. Sessions (3 hours) Topics / session contents1. Beergame sessiona. Introduction to supply chains (why have supply chains?) b. Beergame introduction (setup, structure, rules of the game) c. Playing the game (40-50 rounds) d. Brief discussion afterwards2. Debriefinga. Discussion of experiences and game setup b. Presentation and discussion of beergame data (results) c. Teaching case Barilla bullwhip causes optional d. Identification of the three main causes of the bullwhip effect e. forgetful presentation of three areas of improvement and the schedule for the next three sessions3. Information sharinga. Short discussion why is information sharing important? b. Principles of electronic data sharing c. Attaching information to physical goods standardised product numbering, Automated product identification technologies barcodes, RFID d. Electronic Data Interchange EDI, WebEDI, XML-based ordering4. Supply chain reforma. Overview efficient replenishment initiatives b. Efficient inventory management Quick Response, Continuous Replenishment, Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI) c. Efficient Logistics Warehousing, Direct Delivery, CrossDocking d. Just-in-Time Delivery in the automotive industry Kanban5. eCollaborationa. eCollaboration in the supply chain idea and philosophy b. Collaborative Planning Forecasting Replenishment (CPFR) c. Joint product development in the automotive industry6. Management of inter-firm collaborationa. Complexities of supply chain reform initiatives b. The role of trust and sociable capital in inter-firm relationships c. Interoperability of ICT d. Managing inter-firm interfaces603Appendix 3 Session outline for a beergame-based workshop The following table shows a short workshop format based on the beergame. Such a workshop can be incorporated in other (general IS) courses or be a stand-alone event, for example as an executive teaching offering. The workshop is essentially made up of two sessions the actual beergame session and a combined debriefing and learnings session. As an example industry the Grocery industry can be used to illustrate the application of the eCommerce initiatives and technologies. Sessions (3 hours) Topics / session contents1. Beergame sessiona. Introduction to supply chains (why have supply chains?) b. Beergame introduction (setup, structure, rules of the game) c. Playing the game (40 rounds) d. 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