The Dog s Living Situation - 934 Words

The Dog’s living situation prior to being rescued was mostly unknown. However, Buddy the Pit Bull Terrier was living in a ranch house that a couple bought, he was abandoned there. The owners could not be contacted and made no effort to retrieve Buddy. The consensus of the new house owners and the local veterinarian and shelters is that Buddy was trained in a violent manner to be a fighting dog. The Age of Buddy is not completely known thought veterinarian know that he is not a puppy and mature (over the age of two and he is not geriatric most likely somewhere between 2 and 5 years old. There are two women Cherry and Lee, the life partners who moved into the house with four smaller dogs, two Cairn Terriers and two Scottish Terriers ranging from 2 to 16 years old, one named Stella 12 insists on being an alpha type dog and imposes her will on the other dogs. Buddy the Pit-bull believes strangers pose a threat almost exclusively people in this case not dogs of some sort to his own ers and companion dogs. In order the handle this aggressive behavior, namely biting his owners are forced to make him wear a muzzle most all of the time. The initial method used to control Buddy’s behavior was introducing a new or outside person to the family. Wearing his muzzle he tried to attack the new person. Buddy was separated by Cesar Milan, who was firm with the dog and followed the animal until the two engaged each other eye to eye. Caesar then took control of the Dog getting him to sit byShow MoreRelatedOf MIce and Men Naturalism867 Words   |  4 PagesJohn Steinbeck s novel Of Mice and Men is a famous Naturalist work in American literature. Various elements of Naturalism is exhibited in this novel through its character types and story plot. Charles Darwin, an English Naturalist proposed a theory called natural selection, meaning that nature selects the best adapted varieties to survive and reproduce. Darwin also identified this theory as survival of the fittest. Steinbeck incorporated this belief of natural selection in many instances throughoutRead MoreBanning Dog Trade Of Pet Stores857 Words   |  4 Pages Banning dog trade in pet stores is not the correct way to Stop Puppy Mills Eight state governments have banned the dog trade at pet stores in order to reduce puppy mills by cutting off commercial breeders distribution channels. Some dog lover organizations advocate this policy because they believe it is efficient to stop puppy mills. However, there is a misunderstanding that all puppies sold in pet stores come from commercial breeders, who mass produce dogs for money, and be treated like merchandisesRead MoreBipolar Disorder ( Bipolar )1541 Words   |  7 Pagesdepressed and other times very relate. Bipolar disorder usually starts between the ages of 15 to 19 and rarely starts at the age of 40. When depressed or in a low mood you feel like you re not happy all the time might even think that it’s not worth living. You might find it hard to concentrate or to finish anything; you may lose your appetite or struggle with sleep; you may believe that you re uniquely guilty or worse than anybody else. Went in a manic mood you have a strong sense of energy and optimismRead MoreAnxiety Around Strangers Is A Problem For Some Dogs1204 Words   |  5 Pagesstrangers is a problem for some dogs. While dogs are generally friendly and outgoing, for those who have had bad experiences in the past (or few good ones), anxiety around strangers is a normal response. If your dog is suffering from this, try these steps to help him become more comfortable and confident around new people. Identify the Trouble Look for a pattern. Do certain people worry him? In particular situations? 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So basically these animals are starving and dying slowly just for the profit of the seller when instead these animals should be bred properly and live in a healthy environment and be given love and affection. Almost all pet store animals come from puppy mills, and at time of purchase, consumers are given incorrect lineage about the dog s’Read MoreBipolar Disorder And Dogs : Manic Depression1443 Words   |  6 PagesBipolar Disorder and Dogs Manic depression also known as Bipolar Disorder is not your normal up and down mood change; it’s not like what most people experience, getting a little sad and getting over it. Instead it is extreme mood swing that â€Å"usually going from EXTREMLY happy to EXTREMLY angry† also include emotional highs and lows such as, depression and mania. Mood changes can happen as little as a few times a year or as often as several times a week; it depends on the person and their environmentRead MoreThe Side Effect Of Loneliness942 Words   |  4 Pagesthis society it is typical to live and travel alone but some are unable to handle this life of loneliness and develop a reliance on codependency. Codependency is a psychological condition in which someone is in an unhealthy relationship that involves living with and providing care for another person with a pathological condition. Whether it is George codependent on Lennie or Candy dependent on his companions, the characters form a cod ependent relationship to avoid a life of misery. Analyzing Of MiceRead MoreOn Dumpster Diving by Las Eighner Essay1116 Words   |  5 Pagesexplains to his readers how being a dumpster diver has become a life style for the homeless and this is how they survive. It’s a way of living and they are comfortable doing it. â€Å"I began dumpster diving about a year before I became homeless† (Eighner 713). He tries to bring us into the world of being homeless. It is hard to imagine what it would be like in that situation, and how could surviving as a dumpster diver be a way of survival? As a dumpster diver, Eighner is able to tell us what is ok to eatRead More`` When They Aren t Eating Us, They Bring Us Together : Zombies And The American Social Contract1250 Words   |  5 Pages However, T-Dog demonstrates a communitarian approach by wanting to allow new people to join their community. According to Murray Individualism is when individuals are self-reliant and put their nee ds in front of anyone else, and communitarianism is when individuals put the needs of society above their own. These citizens work together and have a sense of community and self-sacrifice. In The Walking Dead season three episode, â€Å"Killer Within,† Rick and his group demonstrate Murray s concept of individualism

I Have a Dream Speech The Most Imperative Speech - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1408 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/08/02 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: I Have a Dream Essay Martin Luther King Essay Did you like this example? A standout amongst the most imperative speeches in the historical backdrop of America is the I have a Dream Speech. This endearing speech denoted the start of another period operating at a black history. In his speech he talked about equality, freedom and a land free of any discrimination for a person of any skin color. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "I Have a Dream Speech: The Most Imperative Speech" essay for you Create order He mentioned about the great future of black and whites in America together. He referred to the history where he mentioned that President talked about freedom or equality but never happened in reality. He conveyed the message of founding fathers of the united states. The African Americans are as yet battling for an equivalent status. In any case, King made utilization of his great speech to make people think toward another path and to convince them to discover rationale in solidarity and fellowship. His logic lay in peacefulness as was Quaid-E-Azzam Muhammad Ali Jinnah. He was thinking about a great future where the Whites and the African Americans could live and stay in a similar society and could produce a stronger country free of racism or any type of discrimination. On the off chance that millions turned into the followers of King and went along with him in the war then the reason was his rhetoric in which they could discover motivation and expectation. Here is an explanatory examination of the speech that highlights on the three components ethos, pathos and logos to investigate where the appeal and intensity of his speech lie. Martin Luther King Jr. had conveyed this speech at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington DC on 28 August 1963. King began his speech with the lines, I am happy to join with you today in what will stand out forever as the best exhibition for opportunity ever of country( I have a Dream 381). King shows his happiness at the beginning and builds up the tone of his speech with these early on lines. He utilizes pathos and logos in the starting lines to interface with his group of audience. His bliss is the impression of the quality that originates from being the pioneer of the majority and the rationale for which he is remaining there is freedom. After these lines he moves the concentration to the historical backdrop of America and the establishment of the great nation. Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand today, signed the Emancipation Proclamation. This momentous decree came as a great beacon light of hope to millions of Negro slaves who had been seared in the flames of withering injustice This is the ethos part of the speech. He alludes to the historical backdrop of America and to Lincoln to set up credibility. He alludes to the historical occasion of the signing of liberation announcement and of the generosity that Lincolns action implied. Lincolns actions implied trust and hope yet what was placed in words was never really implemented practically. In the later parts of his speech too he refers to the establishing fathers of the American country and after that endeavors to build up the credibility of his point by talking about their activities and intentions. Their fantasy of a free, equivalent and cheerful country has not been satisfied. When the architects of our republic wrote the magnificent words of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, they were signing a promissory note to which every American was to fall heir By architects of the republic he implies the founding fathers of the American country. The Constitution and the Declaration of Independe nce are records of authentic significance that he refers to for setting up credibility. And then point comes where pathos part of the address is, which the speaker uses to draw in the feelings of his audience gathered. Now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial justice. Now is the time to lift our nation from the quicksands of racial injustice to the solid rock of brotherhood. Now is the time to make justice a reality for all of Gods children Martin Luther King Jr was a peaceful but blazing leader who talked with energy and his heart. Through his words he was endeavoring to touch off the energy inside his audience and that they could bring since a long time ago esteemed dream of equality true. It is the reason he utilizes words like quicksands, racial injustice and Gods children to bring the gravity of the situation before everybody and to enable them to acknowledge how they could defeat their dread and work toward racial equity and strengthening together. This sweltering summer of the Negros legitimate discontent will not pass until there is an invigorating autumn of freedom and equality. Nineteen sixty-three is not an end, but a beginning. From sweltering summer to invigorating autumn, this is the means by which King talked. This is again an endeavor at associating with the audience feelings and sentiments. It is an endeavor that the African American individuals make a wholehearted stride towards freedom from racism and discrimination on the basis of color of skin. And those who hope that the Negro needed to blow off steam and will now be content will have a rude awakening if the nation returns to business as usual. These words are sincerely charged however, King isnt attempting to prompt individuals for brutality or decimation. He is talking about the motivation in the hearts of the African Americans and their never say die words which makes them relentless. He is requesting that the whole country consider the issue of racial uniformity seriously. These words will undoubtedly touch any African American profoundly at the center of his heart. Along these lines, King uses pathos in his address to strengthen his audience crowd and to beat their feelings. however, the whole address till the end is stacked with pathos. There are a few lines which are just meant to touch off expectation in individuals souls and to bond with their feelings. For instance: I have a dream that one day even the state of Miss issippi, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice. Kings speech has an eminent blend of all the three points, ethos, pathos and logos. His logic is solid and he clears up it at many points. I am not unmindful that some of you have come here out of great trials and tribulations. Some of you have come fresh from narrow jail cells. And some of you have come from areas where your quest   quest for freedom left you battered by the storms of persecution and staggered by the winds of police brutality. His crowd of the audience is for the most part made of African American individuals who have suffered on hand of the failed system and his logic lies with racial equality. In fact, each Negross as King speaks lies with equality and that every last one of them must have an equivalent status as any white in the American country. I have a dream that one day, down in Alabama, with its vicious racists, with its governor having his lips dripping with the words of interposition and nullification   one day right there in Alabama little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers. King realized that a country who is united is a country strong. He realized that by doing injustice to the African Americans like it was doing to himself on the grounds that these individuals too had played an essential role really building this country and were a vital piece of its cultural texture. In this way, if America somehow managed to be a free country in the real meanings, it probably wont be so without permitting the Negro his merited rights. King was a great and powerful leader with strong words and he never promoted any brutality or lighting fire in hearts of his people against other people. All he wanted was a country free of discrimination and racism where nobody could get scared from the color of a different skin. Along these lines, his speech conveys an excellent and dependable interest which is, for the most part, a direct result of the Kings words which were strong, powerful and whose impression wont blur.

The companies were referred to as Texaco Free Essays

In South Africa there were two companies that were selling shares its the residents. The companies were referred to as Texaco Inc. and Standard Oil Company of California (SOCAL). We will write a custom essay sample on The companies were referred to as Texaco or any similar topic only for you Order Now    The Members of   Interfaith centre that dealt with corporate responsibility   argued that they owned shares in both companies and they were suggesting to terminate their businesses because South Africa was facing political unrest thus their decision to shut down the two companies. Mr. Tim Smith was the Project Director of Interfaith Centre on corporate responsibility.   He was behind the decision of closing the two companies.   In an annual meeting that was held in 1977, it stated that the people of South Africa were being mistreated by the whites who were the minority in the country. The residents human rights were being abused since they were not being given the chance to vote, to trade freely in the country, they were being paid low wages and the blacks were always discriminated against by the whites and this issues triggered Mr. Tim Smith to decline to invest in   the country. There were other social crimes that were being experienced by     the residents of the country such as widespread killings, arrests and repression.   These issues continued to affect the human rights of the people of South Africa and thus the level of investment was affected. The Board of Directors of the two companies later agreed that it was reasonable to shut down the two companies due to the abuse of human rights of the residents of South Africa since they contributed to the success of the company and they also enabled the economy of the country to grow.   The Board of Directors urged the government of South Africa to end the crisis so that they could embark on their businesses.(http://164.233.169.104/search?q=cache:-RHK5RrmMQJ) The resolution to close down the two companies was later reviewed by the Board of Directors because they owned an oil company known as Caltex Petroleum Company which was located in the country and was reported to be performing well .   It was reported that the company was owned by the Texaco Inc.   and Standard Oil Company of California (SOCAL) by a rate of 50% shares thus it was impossible for them to leave the business yet it was generating some revenue to the country and the owners were also benefiting from it. They announced that Caltex Company was worth $100 million and the management of the company was planning to expand its refinery plant in Milnerto in South Africa from a capacity of 58,000 barrels a day to a capacity of 108,000 barrels a day and this would increase the supply of oil in South Africa by a rate of 11%, hence it would contribute to greater returns for the country. The management of Texaco and SOCAL resolved to continue with their business besides the political unrest in the country.   They thus urged their stockholders to vote against liquidating their companies .   The management of both companies promised to improve the working conditions of its black employees. The Caltex management implemented six principles in its code of conduct.   These were: ensuring that employees were not segregated due to their race; they were equally paid and fairly treated in their   work place. The code of conduct stated that there was a training programme that would be developed and initiated so as to prepare their employers for supervisory, administrative, clerical and technical jobs so as to improve their performance in their activities and hence enable the company to generate as much revenue to the country as possible ( http://www.economist.com/business/displaystory.cfm?story-id=9767615). The management of a company has legal duties besides ensuring high returns for its shareholders.   It has the duty of ensuring   that the employees comply with the employment law so they do not deviate from what they are expected to do.   The employment law states   that the management of the company should not unfairly dismiss its employees from their   work places since they should be given time to defend their cases before being dismissed. The employers are also requested to ensure that they do not discriminate their employees based on their race since this can affect their performance because no employee knew where he or she was born and brought up. In the case of the South Africa there was racial discrimination that was carried out against the black employees and this affected their performance.   In my view companies should implement laws of ensuring that these practices are not carried out so that the performance of a company cannot be affected. (http://www.economist.com/business/displaystory.cfm?story-id=9767615) The management of a company also has the obligation of ensuring that the interests of the company do not go against the interests of the society.   It has been noted that society is the final consumer of the products of the company thus it is important for the management to ensure that they pay attention to the queries that arise in the community so that they can address the employees’ problems effectively since the success of the company’s depend on the employees performance hence they need to protect their rights and also they need to be treated fairly. The management of a company has the responsibility of ensuring that the employees are given health insurance schemes because they are responsible for the production of goods and services of the company.   The issuance of health schemes can prevent workers from leaving the work places due to poor working conditions which affects their productivity. The management of a company should train its employees about the activities of the company so that they can learn what they are expected to do. According to the South African case, Reverend Doctor Leon Sullivani   initiated a training programme that would ensure good performance of the company and this programme was implemented in a code of conduct so that their policy would be followed at all times by the employees of a company and this was a positive move since this would increase their productivity since the time would not be wasted on repeating small issues, yet training highlights all activities of the company thus enabling work to be carried out effectively. The management of a company should not look at the law and the rate of return on its investment as the ultimate criteria for deciding what investment it should make because there are other factors that an investor should take into account when deciding on the type of investment that he should carry out such as time value of money that is whether the returns on an investment are required now or in the future. The investor also   considers the capital outline that is required in starting and maintaining a project until the time it starts to generate returns for the company.   Another criteria the management of a company should     consider is that the type of industry in which they would like to set up.   The investors should research from the people about what they prefer most so that the management of a company can have a ready market for their goods and services once the industries start to operate. In case of the South African company, the South African government had imposed some restrictions on the company known as Caltex, that it would not supply its oil products to the military or the police of South Africa.   This was a challenge to the company because such restrictions reduced the returns of the company. It was wrong for the South African government to ban the sale of its petroleum products because the companies should sell their products anywhere in the world and to any potential buyer since the returns of the company are also beneficial to the residents since they can be paid better wages by the companies’ returns, the economy of the country can improve due to the corporate taxes that are collected from these companies . In the case of South African companies, Bishop Desmond Tutu’s decision to impose laws that were beneficial to the black workers was a positive move since the government had failed to recognize the employees who contributed to the success of the company. The laws included providing good working condition by ensuring they were properly accommodated with houses that were near their places of work, by recognizing black trading unions and also by recognizing the right of workers and the   allowance of labor mobility, so as to enhance productivity of workers.   He also enforced a law of ensuring that fair trade practices were being practiced as education and training was conducted so as to eliminate illiteracy among the workers of a company. The company’s should consider various factors when investing because the success of a company depends on them .For instance the workers of a company should be fairly treated they should not be unfairly discriminated against ,they should be properly remunerated so that they can not leave their company’s since this can affect their productivity and the reputation of a company can be affected due to the high rate of turnover of their employees. References Website http://www.businessLink.gov.UK/bdotg/action/detail?type=RESOURCE8jter   accessed on 2nd May 2, 2008   Website  Ã‚   http://www.economist.com/business/displaystory.cfm?story-id=9767615   accessed on 2nd May 2, 2008 Website  Ã‚   http://209.85.165.104/search?q=cache:OyvnSHhOd18J  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ACCESSED ON 2nd May 2, 2008 Website  Ã‚   http://164.233.169.104/search?q=cache:-RHK5RrmMQJ  Ã‚   ACCESSED ON 2nd May 2, 2008 How to cite The companies were referred to as Texaco, Papers

Embedded Electromechanical Impedance Sensors †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Embedded Electromechanical Impedance Sensors. Answer: Introduction: Inationwide investment and their structures have longer service life as evaluated to additional commercial products. The prototypes into civil engineering and the structure is lead to innovative in terms of design with construction. The important structure of civil engineering includes of bridges, buildings and dams. Yaphary et al. (2017) demonstrated that the civil structures are equipped with Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) for ensuring of structural integrity as well as safety. SHM aims to develop of automated systems for monitoring, tear down inspection and damage detection of the civil structures (Tao et al. 2016). SHM system provides real time information, detects defects and monitoring of stress and temperature. It is required to monitor for ensuring of safety and tough service life. SHM system consists of three components such as sensor, data processing and health evaluation system. The first step to set up the system is to integrate of level of consistent structural sensi ng ability. Chopra, Nigam and Pandey (2015) cited that SHM system is based on civil structure which allows remote monitoring with handling of automated system over inspection cycle to reduce down time. The main focus of this paper is to replace of current cycle to inspect with monitoring system which tends to increase damage probability before catastrophic failures (Amezquita-Sanchez et al. 2014). Incidents such as collapse of building are rise into various parts of the world with little warning before it occurs. Due to increase into total number of building incidents, it becomes important to develop detection methods for reduction of buildings damage. Wang, Paur and Ravikovitch (2017) mentioned that buildings as well as critical infrastructure are being monitored such as patient into the hospital, signs for degradation, impeding disability and collapses. The sensors are used to maintain and know the current state of the building structure and technologies to analyze its current situation. Graue r and Morelli (2013) stated that intelligent sensors as well as technologies are used to diverse array of the data and create of structural picture of the buildings that help to determine early detection of the damage due to natural hazards. Research Aims and Objectives The aim of this paper is based on research for designing of SHM for the applications of civil engineering. In this paper, it analyzed piezoelectric based sensing techniques for the civil engineering structuressuch as buildings. The structural design of the building is based on various sensing methods which hold of strengths and weakness to conduct of the building materials. It uses of insulation materials with damage to fibers. The other aim is to analyze the sensor functionality with the service time with extreme loading events. There are various effects that provide consequence on waves propagation with change of measured impedance spectrum. This research study is based on effects where both structure bonding as well as sensor is based on techniques which consist of host structure to monitor the services. Different types of methods are used for health monitoring of the buildings. The main aspect of this paper is to analyze piezoelectric sensor for civil engineering applications. To design of SHM for the applications of civil engineering To analyze the sensor technology methods used for health monitoring To study the damage detection methods able to respond to frequency change method Research questions Following are the questions which are required to analyze in this paper: How are Piezo sensors useful for the SHM into civil engineering? What are the sensor technology methods which could be used for health monitoring? How are the damage detection methods able to respond to frequency change method? The structures of Civil engineering have longer life of service and are very impossible to change the structure or replace them once they are made. Yan et al. (2017) stated that the civil structures that are built can deteriorate any time before they are expected to. The structures mainly deteriorate because of overload, environmental erosion, inspection methods, aging, maintenance lack, excessive use and many more. Civil engineering for SHM (Structural Health Monitoring) system that is effective can diagnose the defects and location in real time (Hu, X., Zhu and Wang 2014).This can help to repair the structure and reinforce them in time so that the safety and structural integrity can be ensured. Methods of SHM (Structural Health Monitoring) systems are applied to structures of civil engineering and to their components at present time. Banerji, Bagchi and Khazaeli (2016) argued that it includes static displacement, methods of identification, testing and also non- destructive method of testing such as acoustic emission, impedance, X-ray, pulse radar, thermal imaging and ultrasonic. The methods of Structural Health Monitoring System are mostly qualitative and are difficult to carry out. Talakokula, Bhalla and Gupta (2014) demonstrated that the materials that are smart include optical fiber sensor, intelligent composites that are cement based, materials of magneto astrictive and piezoelectric materials. These methods are used to provide a new process that is long term and real time civil engineering structures of health monitoring. According to Annamdas and Soh (2016) these materials have sensing technology, driving and sensing function both together, and they can be integrated with civil structure to build an intelligent structural system. Composition of the signal processing, user interface, interpretation software of signal is all included in system of structural health detection (Wymore et al. 2015). Out of all the materials, the piezoelectric material that are represented by only piezoelectric ceramics have the most integrated driving and sensing integration which make the SHM (Structural Health Monitoring) suitable to do all the processes. The phenomenon of Piezoelectricity deals with changing mechanical energy to electrical energy and also vice-versa. The material which possesses piezoelectricity generates electrical charge after the application of mechanical pressure on that material. The vice-versa also happens that when a material gets a geometric change when electric charge is applied on the material. Banerji, Bagchi and Khazaeli (2016) stated the materials of piezoelectric include piezoelectric ceramics, Piezoelectricity Ceramics, piezoelectricity polymers and Polymer composites are used in piezoelectric actuators and the sensors of piezoelectric that are needed for SHM (Structural Health Monitoring) and also for structural repair. There is advantage sand disadvantages of each type of materials that are used in piezoelectric (Zou et al. 2015).The advantages of piezoelectric materials are: Ceramics are very less expensive and are more fabricated than the polymers. The ceramics have excellent electromechanical coupling and have very high dielectric constants. They are very flexible and are the polymer composites and ceramic of piezoelectric are considered to have superior properties in comparison to materials of single phase (Leung et al. 2015). The disadvantages of piezoelectric are: The ceramics are brittle and stiff. The monolithic ceramics cannot be coated on any curved surface which gives a limitation to the flexibility of design of the transducer. The polymers of piezoelectric have less dielectric constant and very low electromechanical coupling. The polymers and the ceramics of piezoelectric have impedance, intermediate dielectric constant and very less spurious mode. Need of Piezoelectric Sensor in SHM (Structural Health Monitoring) in Civil Engineering All civil infrastructures, industrial structures, residential buildings are the most common concrete structures that are available now-a-days. Annamdas, Bhalla and Soh (2017) concluded the life of all such concrete structures gets affected and constantly degraded by different factors such as fatigue, natural disasters, aging and corrosion throughout their life. The degradation that occurs to the structures reduces the disaster resistance ability of the structure and can also lead to full collapse of the structure or may lead to partial failure of the concrete building (Zhang, Lie and Xiang 2013). The safety of property and life of people faces the threat for such accidents if occurs. To mitigate such threat that arrives in the structure, technology of health monitoring in concrete structures is considered as the most important research areas in present days (Lim et al. 2017). Good results have been received from the transducers of piezo ceramic for health monitoring in concrete struc tures. The SHM (Structural Health Monitoring) that are based on piezoelectric are mainly classified into two categories: passive monitoring and active monitoring. For methods of damage diagnosis, technology of active monitoring can further be divided into two parts, stress wave based method and mechanical impedance wave based method. The wave based method depends on the principle to use the sensing property of piezoelectric ceramics so that the actuators that are sensor based are established in the inside structures (Basu et al. 2014). The diagnosis and the identification of the difference between the current signal and the original signal are analyzed and scanned by this process. A new sensor which is known as smart aggregate is embedded in the piezo ceramic patch inside a small block of concrete that is same as the real aggregate that were previously used to monitor the concrete structures health. Baptista et al. (2014) stated that with the new sensor aggregate, the cracks that occur in the concrete structure can be detected and can be effective monitored with monitoring methods that are sensor based. The method of mechanical impedance is used for monitoring the local damage that occurs in the structure. This can be done by comparing the value of mechanical impedance of a structure that is affected or damaged w ith a structure that is perfectly healthy (Chopra, Nigam and Pandey 2015). The technology of SHM (Structural Health Monitoring) that are traditional mainly uses wired network for the collection of data. The traditional method of SHM had an advantage ability of good anti interference. The disadvantage of the traditional methods of SHM is that the system uses large amount of cables and also uses manpower (Talakokula, Bhalla and Gupta 2014). This increases the complexity of wiring and also increase the maintenance cost because due to wiring, the number of nodes in the structure also increases. Some structures also may not permit the use of cable surrounding the buildings for the traditional method of SHM. For making the structure wireless, WSNs (Wireless Sensor Networks) can be applied to the SHM (Structure health Monitoring) for making the structure secure and safe (Zou et al. 2015). The system of WSN (Wireless Sensor Network) is much lower and the cost of maintenance is vey less. The WSN (Wireless Sensor Network) boost the practical use of Structure Health M onitoring to a large scale. Sensor Technology Methods that are used for Health Monitoring in Concrete Structures According to Di Sante (2015) some of the comprehensive methodologies that are determined and located to extent the linear crack in plates, pipes and cracks that are developed on flight time analysis. These are done mainly by data analysis methods which includes wavelet transform. The applications where the sensor technology is used in detecting the health of concrete structures are described as follows: Beams- The data that are experimented to locate a crack in the aluminum beam are based on consideration of wave propagation (Na and Baek 2017). Let the beam that is considered has a length of 650 mm, depth of 6mm, 32 mm width having an elasticity of 73.1 GPa. The density of the beam let be 2,790 kg/m3. Choosing the sensor that is fit for the structure is considered as a very important part of SHM (Structural Health Monitoring). Conventional strain gauge and piezoelectric sensor are attached with the beam at 300mm for comparing it with other structures that are healthy. The signals that are collected are based on the impact force at 0.5mm and 200 mm and 1.0 mm deep (Annamdas and Soh 2016). The linear cracks that are at 450 mm are mainly possessed using the wavelet transform. The second peak is detected by the piezoelectric data where the data of strain gauge is non-existent. The cracks that are deeper than 1mm, both of the sensors give a particular second peak. The result that comes from the piezoelectric sensor is much more reliable and consistent than the strain gauge for locating the damage and can be used anywhere it is needed. Talakokula and Bhalla (2015) stated different boundaries of data are analyzed with three sets of data. This includes fixed ended, cantilever conditions and simply supported. The gauges of conventional strain and the piezoelectric sensor are used to capture the wave signal that has the timings of direct, boundary reflected waves and also reflects damage. These timings that are estimated by technique of signal processing can deduce the damage location in the structure (Padiyar and Balasubramaniam 2016). The results that are received from the experiment indicates the wavelet transform that come from the dynamic response data from sensor of piezoelectric that is used to locate the damage in beams. Plates- According to Zheng (2015) the defects in plate structure, damage extent of the crack, orientation and the location are to be identified by the sensor technology. A foci method is proposed to detect such defects. To understand the concept, an ellipse is to be considered such as PZT1 and PZT2. The foci of two ellipses are considered and the sum of distance from the foci of the ellipse to the crack is constant and is made equal to the major diameter of the ellipse (Hu, Zhu and Wang 2015). To get the exact position of crack from infinite solution that is provided by an ellipse, signals from the sensor or actuator at different locations are to be used. This process allows to construct more ellipse and the intersection will at last give the location of crack that is estimated from the calculations. To get an unambiguous position of the crack, a minimum number of three cracks are needed to do the calculations (Seshadrinath, Singh and Panigrahi 2014). When the position of the crack i s estimated by intersecting three ellipses, the next method is followed to determine the extent of the crack and the orientation of the crack. The extent of the crack can be measured by using smaller tiny step shifts at both the ends. To determine orientation of the crack, the foci of two ellipses is placed collinear with the crack that is identified at two distinct positions (Talakokula and Bhalla 2015). The sensor location is considered as C0S and the actuator location is considered as C0A along a line C0. Taking the Snells Law and the Huygens Principle, the direction of that crack can be determined. This can be done by monitoring the cracks reflection peaks energy in that area for all the lines at different angles (Yan et al. 2017). After the determination of the orientation of the crack, the sensors and actuators are shifted in positions that are parallel to right or left of the line C0 that was considered. The Lamb wave is then actuated and spectrum of signal from sensor is also plotted. The point when the energy peak vanishes from spectrum for the reflection from crack denotes the end point of the crack. Pipes- According to Yuen and Mu (2015) the cracks that are present in the homogeneous pipes can be detected by this proposed methodology. The location, damage extent and the orientation of the crack that occurs in the homogenous pipes can be determined. The attenuation in strength of direct wave incidence of the sensor is observed to determine the crack of the pipe. To interrogate the presence of the crack, four actuation positions on the pipe segment is needed. The actuation position must be placed on two on each end of pipe segment. The circular sensor and actuator of the piezoelectric method can be used to detect a crack in the pipe which is experimentally proved. The proposed methodology of the piezoelectric actuator and sensor also works for aluminum pipes (Zheng 2015). If the pipes are buried under sand, the sensor and the actuators only helps to detect the cracks in the pipes. Experimentally it has been proved that this proposed methodology is capable of detecting cracks that are concealed even when the pipes are buried under the sand. Repair Detection Methods that are used in Civil Structures Different models are studied to repair the detection methods that are detected from the piezoelectric materials. The models help to repair the structure that includes mechanical models to repair the cracks or the beams that are delaminated or the cracks that are in the plate structures under different load conditions (Yuen and Mu 2015). The size and the placement of piezoelectric layer so that it can provide a design that has optimal design in respect to minimize or remove stress singularity at tip of the cracks and all the delimitations can also be investigated. Beams- As stated by Wymore et al. (2015) to repair the delaminated beams that are subjected to static load that are concentrated can be done by piezoelectric patches. Let the delaminated beam that is subjected to static load be P. The delaminated beams can be repaired through piezoelectric patches (Annamdas, Bhalla and Soh 2017). The geometric and the material parameters of delaminated beam let as denoted by E to determine the Youngs modulus of host beam, H is the thickness, T be the width and t be the thickness of upper layer of the delaminated beam. Let the length of the beam be a. the analysis that is done by Youngs module determines the facture of the sliding mode that was induced at the tip of delaminated beam which leads to stress singularity (Zhang et al. 2015). The concept that is involved in this is to balance axial force that is induced in delaminated beam by applying the counteracting force through piezoelectric patch. To repair the delaminated beam, two numbers of piezoelectric patches with same thickness and length are attached. Let the thickness and the length of the patch be ph and pl. To repair the notched beam under the static load and the dynamic load are done by Euler-Bernoulli beam theory (Yan et al. 2017). To repair the beam that is delaminated, the beam is subjected to dynamic loading which is a methodology of close loop feedback control repair by using piezoelectric patches. A local shear force on the area which is delaminated is induced by electrochemical characteristics of piezoelectric material (Basu et al. 2014). The FE method of sensor technology is used to verify effectiveness of the design that is proposed and also repairs the methodology for beams that are delaminated. Plates- According to Wang, Zhang and Zhu (2015) for the delaminated plate repairement under static loading, piezoelectric patches are used by the methodology of analytical model and FE method. In this study of methodology, only a single rectangular delamination of the plate is considered with edge numbering in the plate. Padiyar and Balasubramaniam (2016) stated that the patches of the piezoelectric are bonded on the surface of delaminated area. A static load that is vertical is applied on the surface of the plate that is delaminated. When the load is applied on host plate vertically, then deflection will be created along the area that is delaminated. Elongation along the axial point and compression is done along the X and Y direction of the delaminated area can be induced due to bending of host structure (Duan, Wang and Quek 2010). For the induced compressive and tensile forces that are in delaminated plates, the crack joints initiate shear stress singularity at the lower and the up per layer of the plate which leads to mode of second fracture as stated according to the fracture mechanics. Bandara, Chan and Thambiratnam (2014) argued that due to the given stress concentration on delaminated edge, piezoelectric patches are used to give shear forces between the host delaminated plate and the piezoelectric patch. This can be done by applying voltages on the plates so that the tensile magnitudes and the compressive forces on the lower and upper layers of the delaminated plate. The shear stress of singularity can be erased by this process. Theoretical content or methods Xiang et al. (2013) analyzed that early detection of the damages and defects into the civil structures is a vital process to assist maintenance and management of the buildings. With damage detection methods, it becomes probable to fix structure during early stages of the damage after construction of buildings. The methods used to avoid of accidents such as physical in addition to psychological effects in the society. Seshadrinath, Singh and Panigrahi (2014) stated that frequency domain methods are based on analytical models while LAMB wave methods are based on propagation of long distances with higher modes to present of response waves. Most of the damage detection methods are based on utilization of data into frequency as well as time domain. Following are two of the damage detection methods which are summarized and suitable for this particular project work: Bandara, Chan and Thambiratnam (2014) stated that current inspection techniques are leading the civil engineers for investigating of frequency response method for monitoring as well as global assessment of the structures. This particular method is based on vibration responses which permit to obtain time as well as frequency domain data and then estimation of the changes into structural as well as modal properties like modal damping, resonance frequencies and others. Zhang, Lie and Xiang (2013) argued that with use of frequency response method, its objective is to develop of reliable techniques for detecting, locating and quantifying of the damages. When there is any damage into the structure of the building, there is possibility of changes into dynamic properties such as mass and damping (Klepka et al. 2014). When a crack into the building is observed, then the mass remains unchanged and change into damping is disregarded. In that situation, a proper attention is provided to monitor changes into shiffness. This case is being addressed using this particular method. Piezoelectric methods are based on SHM system where detailed explanation of mode shapes that is set throughout utilizes of scanning laser vibrometer (Gillich and Praisach 2014). The contrasts are set with velocity magnitude response towards specific range of frequency under 500HZ. The purpose of frequency response method is to perform structural vibration based on the health monitoring which reduces dimension of initial frequency response functions of data and then changes into new damage indices. (Foti, Gattulli and Potenza 2014). This particular propose method is such a tool for the structural assessment into real structure as it shows of steady results with investigational data for non-linear detection of the damages. It provides of frequency response functions based on method for the structural health monitoring. Damage detection using of LAMB wave methods Padiyar and Balasubramaniam (2016) demonstrated that cost effective and damage detection is vital for utilizing of composite materials for construction of building. LAMB wave methods are used for damage detection of building. This wave scans are performed on narrow laminated specimens in addition to sandwich beans for monitoring of transmitted waves with piezoelectric based sensing techniques (Tian and Yu 2014). This particular technique provides information related to damage presence as well as harshness of the tested methods. It determines to damage location due to local response environment. This method is appropriate for SHM applications as it is travelling longer distances and applied with piezoelectric actuators along with sensors which need of low power (Dao and Staszewski 2014). This method is implemented by using of separate actuators in addition to sensors for monitoring transmitted waves and reflected waves. Agrahari and Kapuria (2016) simulated the propagation of the lamb waves into plates for using of fixed element code. The current project work utilizes of piezoelectric patches for exciting of anti-systematic lamb waves. The waves are chosen as it propagates longer distances with dispersion and higher modes to present clutter resulting response waves (Agarwal and Mitra 2014). The main way to define propagation of the lamb waves into the material is dispersion curve that plots the phase as well as group velocities opposed to excitation frequency. The curves are being derived as result of wave equation for lamb wave. It is described in terms of the Lames constants (Kijanka 2013). Equality is solved numerically for provided set of constant properties of composite materials. The experimental set up of two of the methods is based on handling of the detectable changes with the natural frequencies. The structural changes into the buildings are administered with correlation. Daoand Staszewski (2013) analyzed that stronger the correlation is set with relative frequency lessening and areas are set below the criticality of the damages. The frequency response methods are related to detect of the changes with larger structures for handling of the power and weight (Neerukatti et al. 2016). Lamb wave methods are used of analytical procedures to detect the damages into the buildings. It represents of square shell elements with prediction of how changes can lead to reduction of the damages. Both the methods are providing of information that is sensitive to local consequences of the identified damages into civil engineering (Cha and Buyukozturk 2015). This particular method is used of analytical survey of the candidate methods for in-situ detection of the damages of t he composite materials. Into the laboratory, the researcher determines the frequency response of the buildings and then a frequency response plat is constructed visually for the purpose to convey of information. The experiment consists of transducer and sensing of others (Stepinski, Uhl and Staszewski 2013). The adjacent transducer is then actuated and sensed with remaining. When there is an increased into damage, then the process is also repeated. This particular experiment is conducted on panel before any damage is inflicted into form of hole drilled throughout the panel at location such that there is intersection of paths among pairs (Alavi et al. 2016). The damage progression information is being implemented into a form of 10 percent of increment into signal amplitude if actuator sensor path showed of reliable reduction into the power across the state of the damage of the composite materials. Analysis, discussion and performance The results from use of Lamb wave method are approved with output of simultaneous strain induced voltage that is set with Morlet wavelet decomposition for driving the frequency (Chopra, Nigam and Pandey 2015). The procedures are carried of beam cases with laminated plates along with bonded stiffness. The voltage time is traced for reasoning of transmitted energy with third specimen pattern. In LAMB wave method, the dispersion curve shows relationship among phase velocity as well as pulse velocity (Seshadrinath, Singh and Panigrahi 2014). At low frequency, few number of lamb modes are being excited such that response signal is noticeable. When the velocity is slow, there is more time required to separate send and receive signals which makes the changes more evident (Bandara, Chan and Thambiratnam 2014). This method provides information on location, extent of damage and its type and it is applied to the structure with piezoelectric devices. This particular method manages to predict the failures based on, limitations of fabricated piezoelectric strain gauges with set of various ranges (Zhang, Lie and Xiang 2013). The research is conducted and based on sampling rate with monitoring of customized software with buffered data series for high data acquisition rate. Coupling is based on functioning with proximity towards the sensors. Increased of the driving voltage increased the magnitude of the lamb wave strain. Into the experiments, drive of the piezopatches at amplitude of 5-10 V is produced 10-25 mV of response due to the wave sensed by PZT patch. Increment of the amplitude increased signal to noise ratio to clearer signal, since PZT patch received of the static noise with a range of 1-5mV of range (Padiyar and Balasubramaniam 2016). Higher voltage is tended to raise drift into the signal, with resolution of abilities of data acquisition system. There is lower power of the SHM system. 5V is the optimal driving voltage which is chose for the experiment (Stepinski, Uhl and Staszewski 2013). Using the SHM approach, four steps are followed to resolve of the damages. The first is to identify of the damage occurred into the structure of the building. Then, the researcher identifies the location of damage, quantification of the damages level and evaluation of the performance of structural damages (Gillich and Prais ach 2014). SHM approach is a cost effective manner and it is focused on damage detection using the modal properties. Therefore, detection of damages is most important into the civil engineering applications. In this particular research study, localization of the damage in beam like structures is based on use of sensitivity analysis of measures (Chopra, Nigam and Pandey 2015). A review is conducted into modal updating methods which consists of sensitivity of the frequencies in addition to mode shapes is provided. Natural frequency sensitivity is being used for the purpose to conduct of damage localization. Most of the methods are based on frequency sensitivity based on damage variables require to proper analytical models. Frequency approach is used in this study for elimination of damages (Bandara, Chan and Thambiratnam 2014). Mode shapes are considered to identify the spatial changes, as it condenses of deformation database for the structure. In current research work, sensitivity of the mode shape is being considered. The construction of the analytical model is not required for localization processes. (Stepinski,Uhl and Staszewski 2013). The results show potential of methods for propagat ion of wave analysis into damage detection applications. Padiyar and Balasubramaniam (2016) stated that the detection of damages into the pipes is determined for location, damage extent and the orientation of the crack. In order to identify the cracks into the pipe, attenuation of the strength is also determined for direct wave incidence of the sensor. Both piezoelectric actuator in addition to sensor are worked for the pipes and overcome with the damages into it. When the pipes are buried into the sand, then both sensors with actuator helps to detect of the cracks within the pipe. Seshadrinath, Singh and Panigrahi (2014) argued that the identified methods are used to detect of the cracks from the building components. Piezoelectric sensing techniques are used to reduce or take away stress singularity at tip of the cracks. Therefore, the cracks that are occurred into concrete structure are detected and it is monitored with sensor techniques (Stepinski, Uhl and Staszewski 2013). When the damage defects are being detected from the civil engin eering applications, then it increases complexity of the wiring as well as increases cost of maintenance. Conclusion It is concluded that the methods used for detecting and evaluating the damage is based on changes into modal shapes and vibration frequency of the structure of buildings. Collapsing of the buildings is considered as incidents which caused damage into the construction work. The identified damage detection methods are used of analytical model of building structure to present undamaged preliminary state. The magnitude of the damages are measured based on changes of stiffness of structural elements. The application of damage detection methods are evaluated based on various simulated damage states of modeling the buildings. The researcher analyzed that SHM has key significant importance to work into civil engineering where there is possibility to manage reduction of cost of life cycle. There is change into time as well as manufacturing cost where structure of neatness for the components workings on the lessening of the weight in addition to the aspect ratios. SHM system consists of system design which is compared to cost set for developing, implementing, operating and production. The identified methods are used to provide effects on propagation of wave with change into measured impedance spectrum. The entire study is based on sensing techniques which includes of host structure for monitoring of the services. It is observed that structural health monitoring is an approach for monitoring the condition of structure. The damage detection methods are using various analytical ways to detect the damages into the building based on frequency in addition to time domains. Using both frequency response and lamb wave methods, the damages are detected within the buildings. It is observed that lamb wave method is using analytical for in-situ detecting of the damages. The researcher has analyzed that frequency methods are mainly used of analytical models for detecting of the damages while lamb wave methods are used of broadcast of the long distances with superior modes for presenting the response waves. The identified methods are used to recognize the damages properly with use of difference data among damaged as well as undamaged bean in addition to plate model. Damage index is considered as function of frequency range and variation of the damage index values. It provides of best possible frequency variety of responses analysis. The results of the analysis proved that this particular method into identificati on of damage with quantifications. It is also concluded that the methods are justified of better evaluation to the method applications. 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